1. Organization of the Human Body

2. Levels of Organization in the Body
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organisms

3. Body Systems Table
Use the following sites to help you complete the chart:
(Click on the science link)
(Id: svhigh, pw: brainpop)
Use this as a search engine
(Click on for students then click on biology)

4. The Integumentary System
Forms external body covering
Protects deeper tissues from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Site of cutaneous receptors
(pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands

5. The Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework for muscles
Blood cells formed within bones
Stores minerals

6. The Muscular System Allows manipulation of environment Locomotion
Facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat

7. The Nervous System Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external changes

8. The Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate Growth
Reproduction
Nutrient use

9. The Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood
Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
Also carries nutrients and wastes
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
Figure 1-2(f)

10. The Lymphatic System Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system
Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body

11. The Respiratory System
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs

12. The Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units
Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces

13. The Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

14. Reproductive System Overall function is to produce offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Mammary glands produce milk
Figure 1-2(l)

15. The Martian and the Car
Marty Martian was sent to Earth by the Martian government to find life. While on Earth, Marty captured a car and brought it back to Mars. He thought he'd found a good example of life on Earth. The Martian government does not believe that the car Marty brought back is alive, so Marty was put on trial.
At the trial, Marty spoke in his defense. "I first saw these life forms rolling along roads in great numbers. They were giving off thick clouds of poisonous waste as they moved. They seemed to exhibit herding behavior, as many of the cars moved in the same direction. They appeared to have a great deal of energy, some of them moved faster than 60 kilometers per hour. When one of these life forms stopped or slowed down, the others behind it responded. They slowed down and gave off a reddish light from the back, and sometimes they would make honking noises. I observed that they would stop to feed on a liquid substance."

16. Characteristics of Living Things
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction

17. Summary Question(s)
You are working in a lab and think you may be observing a new organism. What minimal level of structural organization would you need to be observing? What are some of the characteristics you would need to observe that it is a living organism?

18. Homeostasis
The body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable internal condition despite a changing environment.
Occurs within a narrow range
Organ systems work together to make it happen.
The process is dynamic because it occurs within a narrow range to maintain cellular processes.
Examples: The exchange of O2 for CO2, maintenance of blood glucose levels.
If the pancreas is working correctly it will produce enough insulin (stored in beta-isolet cells) to cause cellular channels to open which allows for glucose molecules to enter the cell.

19. Feedback Systems(Loops)
Maintain homeostasis in the body
Have 3 keys features
Receptor
Integrating center
Effector
Cells and organs must communicate to respond to the change
Receptor evaluates the stimulus (change in environment) and sends the message to
Integrating center which processes the info and sends the message to
Effector acts on the stimulus and causes a response

20. Negative Feedback Systems
The activity of the effector produces a result that reverses the effect of the stimulus
Reverses the change
Basically the output of the system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system
E.X Raising body temp, the brain thinks you are getting cold, but in reality your body is actually increasing in temp. The thermostat is reset to a higher temperature.

21. Positive Feedback Systems
The system responds to change in the same direction as the change
E.x blood clotting, lactation, contractions
Blood clotting: injured tissues release chemicals to activate platelets, the activated platelets release chemicals to activate more platelets. This causes a cascade of platelets and the formation of a blood clot.
Lactation: The more the baby sucks the more milk is produced.

22. Stampede!!!!

23. General Negative Feedback Mechanism
Control center responds
Increase is detected
Decrease because
Set point
Normal Range
Increase is detected
Increase is detected
Increase is detected

24. Regulating Oven at 375 Degrees
Heating Unit is activated
Oven Temperature rises
Temperature in oven rises above 375 degrees
Heating unit shuts off
Temperature in oven deceases because heating unit is off
Open oven door, cold air goes in, temperature falls.

25. Regulating Pool Chemicals
Lifeguard adds water
Lifeguard adds chlorine
Lifeguard tests for chlorine level and the result is decreased levels of chlorine
Lifeguard tests for chlorine levels and the result is increased levels of chlorine
Pool water level rises diluting chlorine concentration
Chlorine level in pool rises

26. Summary Question
What would happen to the heart rate if some stimulus caused blood pressure to decrease? Would this occur by positive or negative feedback?

27. Blood Glucose Regulation
Pancreas detects increase in blood glucose.
Increase in insulin secretion because of increase in blood sugar and parasympathetic stimulation.
Increased uptake of glucose due to insulin excess converted to glycogen or fat which causes decrease in glucose in the blood.
Pancreas detects decrease in glucose. Physical activity causes increased sympathetic stimulation of pancreas; increase in epinephrine from adrenal medulla.

28. Blood Glucose Continued
Decreased blood sugar causes decreased secretion of insulin, sympathetic stimulation of epinephrine.
Decreased uptake of glucose in tissue provides more glucose for brain, glycogen broken down to glucose, glucose synthesized, fat is broken down which increases glucose in blood and release from liver.

29. Body Temperature Regulation
Body temp increase is detected by receptors in skin and brain.
Heat-loss mechanisms activated by brain’s response to receptors.
Sweating increases, blood vessels in skin dilate which decrease body temp.
Receptors in skin and brain cause decrease in body temp.
Heat-conserving and heat-generating mechanisms within the body are activated by the brain.
Blood vessels in skin constrict, shivering occurs. Behavioral modifications take place which increases heat in the body.

30. Blood Pressure Regulation
Receptors in blood vessels detect increase in blood pressure.
Brain’s control center for heart rate responds which decreases heart rate.
Decrease in heart rate causes a decrease in blood pressure.
Receptors in blood vessels detect decrease in blood pressure.
Brain’s control center for heart rate responds which increases in heart rate.
Increase in heart rate causes an increase in blood pressure.

31. The Anatomical Position

32. The Anatomical Position
A common visual reference point
Person stands with feet together and eyes forward
Palms face up with thumbs pointed away from the body
Figure 1.3

33. Regional Terms names of specific body areas Axial region –
Appendicular region -
Axial- the main axis of the body
Appendicular – the limbs
Figure 1.3

34. Regional Terms
Figure 1.4a

35. Regional Terms
Figure 1.4b

36. Body Regions Questions
Where is a plantar wart located?
Where do you take an otic temperature?
If you have carpal tunnel syndrome where is your injury located?
Where do you take an axillary temperature?
If humans had dorsal fins, where would the fin be located?

37. Body Region Questions Continued
Women get botox to get rid of wrinkles in which body region?
Which body region is Homer always choking Bart?
Which body region is Dave Grohl’s goatee growing?

38. Describe Gaston using body region terms
Zebra
Which body region is the zebra showing you?

39. A Quick Review http://www.purposegames.com/game/f606295531

40. Review Questions Answer questions 5, 7 and 10-12 in your notebook
Yes, you must write the questions
You do not need to write down each answer option, just the correct answer to the question.

41. Directional Terms Superior
Toward the head or the upper part of a structure
Inferior
Away from the head or a lower part of a structure

42. Superior Vs Inferior Heart is superior to the liver
Liver is inferior to the lungs

43. Directional Terms Anterior Nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior
Nearer to or at the back of the body
The sternum is anterior to the heart
The esophagus is posterior to the trachea

44. Anterior vs Posterior

45. Directional Terms Medial Nearer the midline Lateral Farther from the
**Midline = midsagittal plane

46. Medial vs Lateral The ulna is medial to the radius
The lungs are lateral

47. Directional Terms Distal
(Reference to the extremities only)
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Root
Root
Distal farther from the point of origin
Proximal nearer to the point of origin

48. Proximal vs Distal Proximal Distal Point of origin Carpals Radius
Clavicle
Point of origin
Phalanges
Humerous
When you divide the skeleton into Axial (Blue) and Appendicular (Yellow) you can better understand the extremities and their roots.

49. Positional Terms Ventral Towards the front or belly Dorsal
Towards the back

50. Ventral vs Dorsal

52. Pop Quiz!!
Directional Terms Quiz

53. Positional Terms Supine Lying face up Prone Lying face down
Prone Like a pro baseball player sliding into home
Supine lying in your spine and you can have soup poured into your mouth

54. Descriptive Terms Superficial Toward or on the surface of the body
Deep
Away from the surface of the body

55. Superficial vs Deep

56. Descriptive Terms Unilateral Pertaining to one side of the body
Bilateral
Pertaining to both sides of the body

57. Planes of the Human Body