1. Ear pathology
Clockwise: normal eardrum, cauliflower ear, otitis externa, microtia, tympanorrhexis, otomycosis

2. Tinnitis- it’s a symptom
Tinnitis- means “ringing ear,” but patients may hear roaring, clicking, or hissing
Technically means hearing sounds no one else does
Indicates some damage to hair cells (inner ear)
Temporary or long term
Could be circulatory (ex/ high blood pressure)

3. Cauliflower ear After external trauma to auricle Common in boxers
Inflammation separates skin from cartilage
Clots can cause cartilage to die & fold in on itself
Scar tissue makes lumps more prominent
When blood flow is blocked, the affected cartilage may die and, without the supportive tissue, fold in on itself. Scar tissue may form, contributing to a swollen and deformed look. Over time, the effects may become more prominent, and they may be permanent. The good news is that cauliflower ear can usually be prevented, even after such an injury occurs.

4. Tympanorrhexis Ruptured eardrum Pain Small tears will heal
Larger tears may be patched with surgical paper
Tympanoplasty- surgical repair by grafting tissue

5. Otitis media Most common ear infection
Middle ear fills with fluid (normally just air)
Pain, pressure, swollen tympanum
Fluid comes from infection in nasal region via Eustachian Tube (ET)
Or gets trapped in middle ear bc ET swells shut
Treat with time, analgesics (NSAIDs, Tylenol) and possible Abx

6. Why do kids get more ear infections than adults?
Kids have shorter, straighter ET
Immune systems in kids are still developing

7. Otitis externa Swimmer’s ear
Excessive moisture (& excessive earwax remover) changes acidity of skin in ear canal
Moisture softens skin allowing bacteria to seep in
Redness, clear or purulent discharge, pain
Narrowing of canal due to swelling
May be difficult to see eardrum, but eardrum should be clear/normal
Treat with cleaning and topical Abx
Preventative drops/drying agents use vinegar (restores acidity), and alcohol (dries)

8. Diagnose me:

9. Patulous Eustachian tube
Eustachian tube remains abnormally open all the time
Causes autophony (hearing your own voice or breathing in your head)
Clue in diagnosis- this goes away if patient lays flat on back or bends all the way over
Treatment- Eustachian tuboplasty (salpingoplasty) to reduce the size of the tube

10. Labrynthitis Vestibular neuritis or otitis interna Viral or bacterial
Results in imbalance of neural input from L and R ears
Causes vertigo, tinitis, nausea

11. Diagnose me: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=If9KErIUFjw
Turn off sound- endoscopy (perforated ear) tympanorrhexis

12. Microtia
Abnormally small ears