1. Congestion and Waste Overburden
Matthew, Hayden and Mit

2. Congestion

3. Definition My definition
Congestion - An overcrowded area with a lack of freedom to move around
Dictionary definition
Congestion - (of a road or place) so crowded with traffic or people as to hinder or prevent freedom of movement.

4. Causes for this problem
Urbanization
“bright light, big city” syndrome encourages people to move into the city, thus making it more crowded.
With more people in the city, more people will require transport which would make the city have more traffic
Pollution congestion (appliances that emit GHG)
Eg: Hong Kong, lack of space will mean there will be a dense population so there will me more congestion in one area especially where there is more high rise.

5. Different types of this issue
Road traffic
High unemployment
Low supply of housing
High levels of pollution

6. What are the effects/ impacts? think about scale (national) and SEEP
Congestion means that there would be overcrowded roads and public transport systems which means it will take more time to get to places. (S)
With congestion comes more people, meaning that there will be more competition for jobs (higher unemployment rate). (Ec)
Congestion would suggest that there will be more people using technology such as cars and electrical appliances that emit GHG’s. (En)
Congestion would mean there is a greater demand for governmental and private facilities with a low supply of land to build it on. (P) (S)
Uncomfortable travel causes stress which will give mental and physical problems. (S)

7. Management, reducing implications
Expansion: Expand vertically or horizontally to give more area for housing and businesses.
Become more strict with immigration
Induce laws such as the one child policy
High taxes on private cars and give a higher supply of public transport

8. Waste overburden

9. Definition Mining and prospecting:
material lying above area of interest
Geographically:
problem of urban waste

10. Causes landfills filled above designated capacity
leakage from sloped, permeable landfills
nearby soil and water bodies
large amount of urban waste
unhealthy practices

11. Different types air pollution water pollution unpleasant odors
wind-carried suspensions (dust, ashes)
water pollution
organic substances (nitrites and nitrates)
suspensions (dust, clay, mud)

12. Impacts toxic material stored with solid waste
health hazard to humans
toxic industrial waste
heavy metals: cadmium, lead
pesticides
solvents
used oils
respiratory disease
air suspensions
toxic material stored with solid waste
inflammable, explosive, corrosive mixtures

13. Impacts damages ecosystems damages fertility of adjacent soil
disrupts food chains
poisons susceptible species
1 hectare of landfill evicts species
damages fertility of adjacent soil
lower crop yield
less income for owner of land

14. Management inert matter lagging governing body
filled with inert matter daily (e.g. soil, chipped wood)
prevents fires and odors
governing body
controls on quality and quantity of waste
warning signs on landfill

15. Management cell operation cell = compacted waste and cover material
properly compacting layers of material daily
creates nice “cells” of waste
extends life and sustainability of landfill

16. Hong Kong (HIC) 6.4 million tons of waste a year
existing landfills full by 2015
introducing waste management schemes
educating public
commercial measures to reduce waste

17. Hong Kong (HIC) collected from disposal bins
compacted at refuse transfer stations
transported to disposal lands or recycling centers

18. Ethiopia (LIC) rapid population growth (DTM)
94.1 million (2013)
0.252kg per capita per day
8.7 million tons of waste a year

19. Ethiopia (LIC) green projects paper recycling facilities
recycling and composting = 10% of all waste
90% placed in landfills
plastic and metal recycling
still under investigation