1. THE FEMALE URINARY SYSTEM
Prepared by: Dr. Areefa SM Albahri

2. Introduction
The principal function of the urinary system, together with other body systems, is to maintain homeostasis.
One aspect of this function is to rid the body of waste products that accumulate because of cellular metabolism. The urinary tract begins with the kidneys, and continues as a passage for urine in the ureters, the bladder and the urethra.

4. Parts of Renal System
Kidneys
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

5. The kidneys
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped excretory glands that have both endocrine and exocrine functions. They are about 10 cm long, 6.5 cm wide and 3 cm thick and weigh around 100 g. Although similar in shape, the left kidney is a longer and more slender organ than the right kidney. Congenital absence of one or both kidneys, known as unilateral or bilateral renal agenesis.
The kidney is traditionally regarded as an exocrine gland, producing urine to regulate body fluid volumes and composition and to excrete nitrogenous wastes. In addition to these functions, it is now recognized that a number of hormones are produced within the kidney that have local and systemic actions. These hormones and hormonal cascades include the renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems, production of calcitriol, erythropoietin and prostaglandins. These hormones act to influence inter alia blood pressure, sodium and water excretion, red blood cell production, calcium homeostasis and the immune system.

6. Functions regulation of the water balance regulation of blood pressure
regulation of PH of the blood
Secretion of hormones & elimination of toxins
regulation of the osmotic pressure of the blood.
Vitamin D activation and Ca. balance

7. Position and relations
The kidneys are in the posterior of the abdominal cavity. They extend approximately from vertebra T11 superiorly to L3 inferiorly. The right kidney is located slightly lower than the left kidney because of the contents of the abdominal cavity. An adrenal gland sits on top of each kidney.

10. Kidneys

11. Endocrine activity
The kidney secretes two hormones Renin & erythropoietin
The renin is secreted when the blood supply to the kidneys is reduced and in response to lowered Na levels
The kidneys act on angiotensinogen, which is present in the blood ,the kidney produce erythropoietin in response to low O2 levels that stimulate an increase production of RBC from bone marrow

12. Urine
Urine is a liquid by-product of the body secreted by the kidneys through a process called urination (or micturition) and excreted through the urethra.
Urine usually acids contain no glucose, nor blood cell or bacteria. The amber color is due to the bile pigment urobilin and it vary depend on the saturation

13. Characteristic of urine
4.5-8 Ph
Specific Gravity
mOsmol/l
Osmotic concentration
93-97
Water content
Depend on intake 1liter- 1.5
Volume
Clear in baby
Clear pale straw
Dark brown
Color
Vary with composition
None
Oder
Bacteria Content
osmolarity,[1] is the measure of solute concentration

14. Other Parts of Renal System
Nephrons – functional unit of kidney. Each kidney is formed of about one million nephrons.
Glomerulus – filters the blood
Bowman’s Capsule – is a large double walled cup. It lies in the renal cortex
Tubular Component – necessary substances are being reabsorbed

15. Loop of Henle – create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney.
- reabsorb water and important nutrients in the filtrate.
Renal Vein – a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood out of the kidneys
Renal Artery – supply clean, oxygen-rich blood to the kidneys
Adrenal Gland (Suprarenal Gland) – located on top of the kidneys and is essential for balancing salt and water in the body

16. Three process in Urine Formation

17. Glomerular filtration
Beginning of the process.
A process by which the blood courses through the glomeruli, much of its fluid, containg both useful chemicals and dissolve waste materials, soaks out the blood through membranes where it is filtered and then flows into Bowman’s capsule.

18. Tubular Reabsorption
A movement of substances out of the renal tubules back into the blood capillaries located around the tubules (peritubular capillaries).

19. Tubular Secretion
disposing of substances not already in the filtrate (drugs)
eliminating undesirable substances that have been reabsorbed by passive processes (urea and uric acid)
ridding the body of excess potassium ions
controlling pH

20. Glomerular Filtration Rate
is the amount of fluid filtered from the blood into the capsule each minute. Factors governing the filtration rate at the capillary beds are:
1. total surface area available for filtration
2. filtration membrane permeability
3. net filtration pressure

21. URINARY SYSTEM Kidneys Urinary Tract (ureter) Arteries and Veins
Urinary Bladder

22. Kidney
Hilus
Lobules

23. Nephrons
Kidney
Nephron
Nephron tubule

24. Renal Blood flow Lobular arteries Renal artery Segmental arteries
Hilus

26. Urine Formation

27. Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Water conservation

28. Urinary Tract (ureter)
Urinary Bladder
Urethra

29. Summary
Kidneys performed as the body’s main Excretory function by filtering the blood and selectively reabsorbed those materials that are needed to maintain a stable internal environment.
Nephrons is the functional unit of the kidneys.
It is composed by a glomerulus which filters the blood and the tubular component where necessary substances are reabsorbed into the the blood stream and the unneeded materials are secreted into the tubular filtrate for elimination and urine.

30. Thank you 