1. Air Pollution

2. Carbon monoxide (CO)
Major human sources: smoking, dari knalpot kendaraan di kota 77%
Health effects – mengurangi kemampuan darah untuk membawa oksigen ke sel. This impairs perception and thinking, slows reflexes, causes headaches, drowsiness, nausea, trigger heart attacks, damages the development of fetuses and young children, aggravates chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and anemia. At high levels it causes collapse, coma, irreversible brain cell damage, and death.

3. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Di atmosfir, dapat berubah menjadi nitric acid (HNO3)
Major human sources – kendaraan (49%), power and industrial plants (49%)
Health effects – merusak paru-paru, aggravates asthma and chronic bronchitis, flu and common colds
Environment – HNO3 damage trees, soils, aquatic life in lakes
Property – HNO3 corrode metals, damage stone on building, statues.

4. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Di atmosfir dapat berubah menjadi to sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Major human sources – coal burning 88 %, industrial processes 10 %
Health effects – sulit bernafas, restriction of airways in people with asthma, bronchitis
WHO reported 625 million exposed to SO2 from fossil fuel burning
Environment – H2SO4 can damage trees, soils, and aquatic life in lakes
Property – corrode metals, damage stone on buildings, statues, monuments. SO2 can damage paint, paper, leather.

5. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
Asap, abu, haze
Major human sources – coal 40%, fuels 17%, agriculture, roads, construction
Health effects – merusak paru-paru, bronchitis, asthma
Lead,Cadmium, Dioxins can cause mutation, reproductive problems, cancer

6. Ozone (O3)
Major human sources- chemical reaction with volatile organic compounds (VOCs emitted by cars and industries) and nitrogen oxides to form photochemical smog
Health effects – kesulitan bernafas, coughing, eye nose throat irritation, aggravates chronic diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and heart disease, reduces resistance to colds and pneumonia.

7. Lead Major human sources – paint, storage batteries, leaded gasoline
Health effects – merusak otak dan sistem saraf, mental retardation
Environment – harm wildlife