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Multigenerational Trauma
Breaking the Cycle of Multigenerational Trauma Yael Danieli, PhD
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Identity: A complex interplay of multiple systems
Biological, intrapsychic Interpersonal – family, social, community Ethnic, cultural, religious, spiritual Environmental, political, national, international
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Trauma and the Continuity of Self: A Multidimensional, Multidisciplinary, Integrative (TCMI) Framework Danieli, 1998
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Multigenerational transmission of trauma
rupture and fixity Survival strategies Adaptational Styles Reparative Adaptational Impacts Survivors Survivors Survivors Survivors’ Offspring Family History and Family Milieu Society Time
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Parents’ posttrauma adaptational styles (higher and lower order factors)
Numb Style Fighter Style Victim Style Over- Protectiveness Emotional Volatility & Control Stuck in the Loss & Trauma Rupture Isolation & Detachment Conspiracy of Silence in the Family Valuing Mastery & Justice Valuing Identity (Ethnic/Group) Intolerance for Weakness Danieli et al., 2015a
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Adult child’s reparative adaptational impacts (higher and lower order factors)
Protectiveness Need for Power and Control Insecurity re: Competence Defensive Psychosocial Constriction Obsession with Traumatic Event(s) Immature Dependency Danieli et al., 2015b
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Percent “any disorder” by severity of reparative adaptational impacts (low, moderate, high)
Values are the % of the group meeting criteria for disorder lowest third on RAI middle third on RAI highest third on RAI
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Hypothesized, testable model
Family History Parents’ Posttrauma Adaptational Styles Offspring’s Reparative Adaptational Impacts Family Milieu
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Path model tested (streamlined based on preliminary analyses)
Family History Mother’s age cohort Nature of trauma Parents’ Victim Styles Offspring’s Reparative Adaptational Impacts Family Milieu Sociocultural setting Post-Trauma SES Post-Trauma family size Survival of mother’s mother Broken generational linkages Continuity in ethnic traditions Danieli et al., in press
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Conclusions Together, the earlier model and the findings from the clinical study suggest the presence of a causal chain in which the influence of parents’ styles on offspring’s risk for disorder occurs earlier in the sequence. This is illustrated below. Family History Parents’ Intensities of Victim Style Offspring’s Reparative Adaptational Impacts Current Mood or Anxiety Disorder Family Milieu Danieli et al., 2016
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The Inventory in clinical practice
Developed primarily as a research tool, the Danieli Inventory may nonetheless be useful in clinical practice with adult children of survivors First, the inventory provides a map of issues common to survivors and their families Second, completing the inventory gives patients the opportunity to reflect, in a systematic way, on the posttraumatic styles of their parents and their own reparative adaptational impacts. Therapist and patient can then explore together the meaning of individual items, elaborating on the particular experiences that led the patient to rate them as they did Third, using the scoring guidelines for clinical practice, the clinician can determine whether the patient has experienced low, average, high, or very high impacts relative to other adult children of survivors who have completed the Inventory
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Hope Necessary conditions for and dimensions of Hope (Examples) : The phenomenological definition of hope is the consciousness of optionality or the awareness of the possible existence of options even when one doesn’t/cannot see them. Structure vs. Disorganization/Disorientation Order Chaos Safety Danger Flow Stasis Freedom Oppression, Slavery, Tyranny Rights Injustice Realistic Magical Active Passive Internal External Object Subject Self Other Open Closed Forward Back Process Outcome orientation Competence Helplessness Mastery/coping Defense “Hope is the creation of the other shore of the abyss and the bridge to reach it.”
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