1. Electronics Chapter Five
The twelfth week
/ 3/ 1439 هـ
أ / سمر السلمي

2. Time of Periodic Exams The Fifth homework
The Second periodic exam in / 3 / 1439 هـ , Please everyone attend in her group
The Fifth homework
I will put the fifth homework in my website in the university homework Due Thursday 30 / 3/ 1439 H in my mailbox in Faculty of Physics Department , I will not accept any homework after that , but if you could not come to university you should sent it to me by in the same day

3. Linear & Digital Electronics
introduction: Electronic Engineering is divided into two major types:
Electronics Analogue (or Linear): type of electronic engineering specializes in electronic circuits that are placed in using amounts and values of electrical tension and intensity of electric current in the area extends between two values minimum value and a maximum value where it can take the stress and electric current any value between them. Then mathematically, there are infinity of possible values for each field analog
Digital Electronics : type of electronic engineering specializes in electronic circuits that are placed in using amounts and values of electrical tension and intensity of electric current in the area extends between two values minimum value and a maximum value where it can take the stress and electric current any value already of prepared values . Then mathematically there are a limited number of values in each field of digital.
In many electronic devices use the two systems by converting from analog sine wave or a digital or square wave or vice versa

4. Linear & Digital Electronics
introduction :
the most important famous of these circuits is integrated circuit (IC) which is divided into two parts: Analog integrated circuits: (dealing with sine signals because it depends on the work of operational amplifiers) Digital integrated circuits:(dealing with digital signals or square waves because it depends on digital logic or binary system)

5. Operational Amplifiers:
Operational Amplifiers : a linear amplifier with Direct Coupled, abbreviation (Op –Amp). It has high value gain, distinguish usually small size, not affected by changing temperature and used in amplification (they have a great ability to magnification entrances signals of alternating and direct ). In addition to filtration, opening and closing circuits (switch) and do calculations operations (addition, subtraction, integration and differentiation). Finally used in building Analogue Computer.
Operational Amplifiers’ symbol:

6. Operational Amplifiers’ parts :
1- two parties to power supply, one of them connected to a positive voltage and the other connected to a negative voltage, higher value for them are ± 15 V which are saturation values ± Vsat (often do not draw a circuit such as in the previous slide symbol)
2- two entrances: one of them called Inverting Input has negative single (V-) , the other called Non Inverting Input has positive single (V +)
3- one outlet (Vout)
Internal form External form

7. Operational Amplifiers’ types:
Non Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Amplifier
Unity Amplifier
Summer Amplifier
The Differential Amplifier
Voltage Comparator
Integrator Amplifier
The Differentiator Amplifier
Before talking about these types, we should know some of technical terms used in operational amplifiers

8. Technical terms used in operational amplifiers
1- Negative feedback :
process connects outside voltage Vout with inside voltage Vin(here the negative entrance inverter) in a way able to delete the part of inside voltage.
It has many benefits such as reducing noise in input signal and thus output. amplifier divided to two types in term of existence inverter feedback:
1- Open Loop Amplifier : there is no inverter negative feedback
2- Close Loop Amplifier : there is inverter negative feedback
The figure (the right for Open Loop, the left for Close Loop)
In some cases, such as amplifier of comparative voltage has a positive feedback (reached with positive input non inverter)

9. Technical terms used in operational amplifiers
2 - Differential Input Voltage ) VID (: is the difference of maximum voltage between inverter and non inverter entrances ( VID = V- - V+ )
3 - Input Resistance (RI (: is the resistance in one of two entrances or both.
4- Output Resistance) RF (: is the resistance in output which called in same time
feedback resistance
5- Input Bias Current) IIB (:is the average currents of two entrances when output is zero voltage
6- Input Offset Voltage (Vos) : is the voltage which should be applied between two entrances to get zero output voltage
7- Input Offset Current) Ios : (is the difference between currents entrances when output is zero voltage

10. Technical terms used in operational amplifiers
8- Voltage Gain) Av(: is the ratio between output voltage and input voltage
There are two types of voltage gain, one open circuit Aol and the other closed circuit Acl and the relationship between them where β feedback coefficient
9 -Slew Rate) SR : (is equal to the ratio between the change of output voltage to change time when load resistance is 2 KΩ
10 - Band Width) BW :( is frequencies limit which works at constantly state
11 - GBW: is the product of multiply Band Width with gain

11. Technical terms used in operational amplifiers
12- Common – mode rejection ratio (CMRR (:
Typically in case of voltages equal to each other V- = V+ , the output voltage Vout = 0 , but because of the existence a signal at both ends of entrances called signal common mode which is usually a sign unwanted noise. Thus, amplifier ability to put out signals common mode measures by ratio called the common mode rejection ratio
where the first gain is the gain of difference mode
and another gain is common mode

12. Inverting Amplifier
Figure shows inverter operational amplifier, notice that input voltage connected to the inverter negative terminal, and non inverter positive terminal connected to grounded, thus, V- = Vin and V+ = 0 . Also notice that the existence of negative feedback and its resistance, in addition to input resistance, connected between the inverter terminal and signal input. voltage gain coefficient
notice that the feedback current (or outside
current ) is the same input current
Negative here because it inverter and a difference in phase

13. Inverting Amplifier
For form output wave will be amplifier and reverse entrance wave by180 degrees as shown in figure
+ 1v vi
- 1v
+10v
v0ut
- 10v
10 kΩ
1 kΩ

14. Non Inverting Amplifier
Figure shows non inverter operational amplifier, notice that input voltage connected to the non inverter positive terminal, and inverter negative terminal connected to grounded, thus, V+ = Vin and V- = 0 . Also notice that the existence of negative feedback and its resistance in addition to input resistance connected between the inverter terminal and grounded. voltage gain coefficient

15. Non Inverting Amplifier
For form output wave will be amplifier and at the same entrance wave phase degrees as shown in Figure
+ 1v vi
- 1v
+3v
v0ut
- 3v
20 kΩ
10 kΩ

16. Unity Amplifier
The output voltage for this amplifier is almost equal to input voltage in value
Vout ≈ Vin . It has the same polarity, therefore it called unit amplifier which is commonly used in insulation. The figure shows non inverter unit amplifier and we note the absence of feed resistance in negative feedback. It is also called Follower Amplifier
voltage gain coefficient

17. Summer Amplifier
In Figure, we notice inverter amplifier but instead of entering one signal, several signals enter. Each signal enters has input voltage, resistance and current. They gather at one point before entering amplifier . This type called Summer Amplifier
because it sum the input signals. the output voltage of summer amplifier is
In the case of similar resistances
output voltage is equal to the sum input
voltages
observed negative because it summer
inverter amplifier

18. The Differential Amplifier
At previous types of amplifiers, we have noticed the existence voltage input from one side while the other side connected with grounded. But when the input voltage or signal connected to inverter and non inverter as in figure, we deal with difference between input voltages, therefore it called Differential Operational Amplifier . It grows up the difference between the two input signals. The output voltage of differential amplifier
Often in this amplifier RF RD

19. Integrator Amplifier
Figure shows that inverter amplifier with a negative feedback replaces the output resistance or feedback resistance by capacitor and of course the existence of input resistance. Here, the output signal integrates input signal for time. Output voltage is equal to
Figure shows form of input and output wave in two cases when input waves are square and sinusoidal. The output wave is triangle wave for squared wave and the other sine wave removed by 90 degrees to the left.

20. The Differentiator Amplifier
The differentiator amplifier similar to integrator amplifier by replacing the input resistance by capacitor and the existence of output resistance or feedback resistance
Output voltage is equal to
Figure shows form of input and output wave in two cases when input waves are square and sinusoidal. The output wave is positive and negative pulses wave for squared wave and the other sine wave removed by 90 degrees to the right.

21. Voltage Comparator Amplifier
Amplifier used as comparative to voltage in which voltage compares to one of entrances with the main voltage that exists at the other entrance. There are two types of comparisons: inverter voltage comparator (when voltage signal enter on inverter entrance ) and non inverter voltage comparator (when voltage signal enter on non inverter entrance )
It should mention that the comparative exposed
oscillate output in existence of small voltages by
noise in entrances. To avoid that, we added
resistance feedback positive (connected to
positive terminal non inverter)

22. Voltage Comparator Amplifier
Figure shows waveform of input is sinusoidal and of output is square for non inverter voltage comparator amplifier which it compares sine wave (having voltage 5V) with basic continual (voltage being equal to 3V) . Therefore, output square wave carrying two values saturation. the positive + Vsat (about 15 V) when it is greater than the basic voltage 3V and negative - Vsat (about -15 V) when it is smaller than the basic voltage 3V

23. Ideal & Real Amplifiers
The previous types of amplifiers operation but there are some conditions that make it an ideal amplifier .
voltage gain of open circuit infinite :(value of real amplifier at over 20,000 to 200,000).
input resistance infinite : the resistance is dividing input voltage and input current when ideal amplifier is Iin = 0 but (value of input current is a small in real amplifier at extent of pA ~ mA).
output resistance zero : we notice it in unit amplifier as absence of resistance (but value of output resistance in real amplifier is a small at extent of 100Ω -20KΩ)
band width infinite : in ideal amplifier, frequencies infinite therefore band width infinite. This applied in unit amplifier .
input offset voltage zero: ideal amplifier zero when input voltage difference is zero or connected with grounded (in real amplifier input offset voltage has value)
Slew Rate infinite
Common mode rejection ratio zero &noise zero