1. Using Energy & Heat

2. Kinetic Molecular Theory
All Matter is Made of Particles
Particles are in Constant, Random Motion
These particles possess kinetic energy
Their motion increases as energy increases
Particles Constantly Collide with each other and with the Walls of their Container.

3. Temperature
The measure of average kinetic energy of the particles in a material
Temperature is measured:
SI Unit – (K)elvin K = C (10C = 283K)
(C)elsius C = K – 273 (10K = -263C)
(F)ahrenheit

4. Thermal Expansion

5. Thermal Expansion Most materials expand when heated
Liquid thermometers based on mercury or alcohol expansion are common
When particles are cool they move slowly, and take up less volume
When particles are hot they move faster, and tale up more volume
When particles cool down they contract.
How thermostats work:

6. Thermal Energy
The total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a substance.
Depends on temperature, mass, and type of substance.
As temperature increases, so does thermal energy (because the kinetic energy of the particles increased).
Even if the temperature doesn’t change, the thermal energy in a more massive substance is higher (because it is a total measure of energy).
200 mL
80ºC A
400 mL B

7. The flow of thermal energy from one object to another.
Cup gets cooler while hand gets warmer
Heat
The flow of thermal energy from one object to another.
Heat always flows from warmer to cooler objects.
Ice gets warmer while hand gets cooler

8. Thermal Equilibium
Is obtained when touching objects within a system reach the same temperature.

9. Heat Transfer Energy can be transferred 3 Main ways: Conduction
Convection
Radiation

10. Transferring Thermal Energy: Conduction
Conduction – transfer of heat from one substance to another through direct contact, collision of particles

11. Transferring Thermal Energy: Convection
Convection –transfer of energy as heat by the movement of fluid (liquid) & air, movement of particles from a material to another.
When fluid is heated, it expands, becomes less dense, and rises.

12. Transferring Thermal Energy: Radiation
Radiation – the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
When radiation is emitted from one object and then absorbed by another, the result is the transfer of heat.
Radiation can travel through empty space.

13. Heat Thermal energy Conduction Convection Radiation is the transfer ofby
Conduction
Convection
Radiation

14. Examples of Energy Transfers

15. Heat and Changes of State
Change of state-physical change from one state to another depends on thermal energy and…….
particle arrangement
energy of particles
distance between particles

16. STATES OF MATTER LIQUID PLASMA SOLID GAS
Tightly packed, in a regular pattern
Vibrate, but do not move from place to place
Close together with no regular arrangement.
Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other
Well separated with no regular arrangement.
Vibrate and move freely at high speeds
Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

17. Description of Phase Change
PHASE CHANGES
Description of Phase Change
Term for Phase Change
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Solid to liquid
Melting
Heat goes into the solid as it melts.
Liquid to solid
Freezing
Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes.
Liquid to gas
Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation
Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes.
Gas to liquid
Condensation
Heat leaves the gas as it condenses.
Solid to gas
Sublimation
Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates.
Gas to Solid
Deposition
Heat leaves water vapor as it deposits into a solid

18. FYI: Bose Einstein Condensate
They are super unexcited and super cold atoms.
The BEC happens at super low temperatures. At zero Kelvin (absolute zero) all molecular motion stops.
Atoms begin to clump.
They lose almost all their energy
There are no longer 1000’s of separate atoms. They all take the same qualities and become one big blob “Super Atom.”
Only a very few special elements have been able to attain temperatures a billionth above absolute zero. Rubidium being one of them.