1. PATHWAYS 2 LISTENING AND SPEAKING Unit 1
National Geographic, Heinle CENGAGE Learning
Elizabeth Celeste Coiman-Lopez, BAT, MS
Houston Community College, School of Continuing Education

2. Unit 1 - p.6 PRONUNCIATION – Words Endings -s and -es
RULES:
For most words, an –s or -es ending does not add an extra syllable to the word.
leg legs
like likes
refer refers
For words ending in /s/, /sh/, /ch/, /x/ add an –s or –es and it’s pronounced /iz/, adding an extra syllable to the word.
bus buses
surprise surprises
exercise exercises
Unit 1 - p PRONUNCIATION – Words Endings -s and -es

3. Unit 1 - p.8 GRAMMAR – Adverbs of Frequency
ALWAYS %
USUALLY %
OFTEN – 90%
SOMETIMES – 75%
NOT OFTEN/ SELDOM 10– 25%
RARELY (HARDLY EVER) – 10%
NEVER %
Unit p GRAMMAR – Adverbs of Frequency

4. Unit 1 - p.9 LANGUAGE FUNCTION – Using Expressions of Frequency
RULES
Use them to talk about frequency.
once twice three times
hour day week month year
I exercise three times a week.
She takes vitamins once a day.
2. Use every to talk about frequency
3. Every is similar to each.
hour day week month year
Every Monday Tuesday Friday
six months five years
Laura plays tennis every Saturday.
I go to the dentist every six months.
Unit p LANGUAGE FUNCTION – Using Expressions of Frequency

5. Unit 1 - p.18 GRAMMAR – Tag Questions
RULES:
Forming Tag Questions:
Affirmative sentences Negative tag questions
You’re going to the gym, aren’t you?
Negative sentences Affirmative tag questions
She doesn’t have any health problems, does she?
Answering Tag Questions:
You did your homework didn’t you?
Yes, I did. Or No, I didn’t it.
Unit p GRAMMAR – Tag Questions

6. Unit 1 - p.18 GRAMMAR – Tag Questions - PRONUNCIATION
RULES:
Use rising intonation when we are really not sure of the answer.
Peter’s coming to class, isn’t he?
Use falling intonation when we already know the answer or think the listener will agree.
They were late again, weren’t they?
NOTE: the speaker is emphasizing a statement and expects you to say YES.
Unit p GRAMMAR – Tag Questions - PRONUNCIATION