1. Ch 7
Urinary Tract

2. Function Remove nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream
Becomes toxic if accumulates

3. Kidneys and Ureters Kidneys Ureters Nephr/o Ureter/o Nephroptosis
Nephrolithiasis
Hydronephrosis
Nephrostomy
Ureters
Ureter/o
Ureteroplasty
Ureterolithotomy

4. Bladder Bladder Cyst/o Vesic/o Cystitis Cystostomy Cystoscopy
Perivesical
Vesicoureteral reflux

5. Trigone, urethra, meatus
Trigon/o
Urethra
Urethr/o
Urethritis
Urethral stricture
Meatus
Meat/o
Meatotomy

6. Closer Look At Kidney
Hilum/hilus: depression or pit in kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave
Cortex: outer area of kidney
Medulla: inner area, location of pyramids

7. Closer Look At Kidney Calix, calyx or calices, calyces: Renal Pelvis:
cali/o, calic/o
Caliceal
Cup like collection region of the renal pelvis
Renal Pelvis:
pyel/o
Pyelolithotomy
Pyelonephritis
Central collecting region of kidney

8. Nephrons
Glomerulus- glomerul/o
glomerulonephritis
Tubule
1 mil/kidney

9. Creation of Urine
Filtration: Afferent blood is filtered through glomerulus and water, sugar, salts, and waste are absorbed into Bowman capsule which is continuous with the tubule.

10. Creation of Urine
Reabsorption: Efferent capillaries surrounding tubule reabsorb all of the sugar, most of the water and some of the salts.

11. Creation of Urine
Secretion: As capillaries go from arterial to venous, waste products of metabolism are secreted by the venules such as acids, drugs (such as penicillin) and potassium (a salt) from the bloodstream into the tubule.

12. Path of Urine TUBULES CALYCES RENAL PELVIS URETER BLADDER URETHRA
MEATUS

13. Contents of Urine Urinalysis (UA) info important to know, but not on the test!

14. Urinary Conditions Ur/o, urin/o, -uria An/uria Bacteri/uria Dys/uria
Glycos/uria
Hemat/uria
Noct/uria vs enuresis
Olig/uria
Poly/uria- poly/dipsia
Py/uria (UTI= cystitis)

15. Blood Conditions Azot/o = azotemia Uremia Hyperkalemia Hyponatremia
Nitrogen elevated - BUN
Uremia
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia

16. Dialysis CKD – chronic kidney disease CRF – chronic renal failure
ESRD – end stage renal disease
HD – hemodialysis
PD – peritoneal dialysis

17. Renal Calculi Kidney stones Nephrolithiasis Lithotripsy
ESWL – extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy

18. Intravenous vs Retrograde Pyelogram

19. Abbreviations ARF – acute renal failure BUN – blood urea nitrogen
CKD – chronic kidney disease
CRF – chronic renal failure
C&S – culture and sensitivity testing
ESRD – end stage renal disease
ESWL – extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy
HD - hemodialysis
KUB – kidney, ureter, bladder
PD – peritoneal dialysis
UA – urinalysis
UTI – urinary tract infection

20. Female Reproductive System
Chapter 8

21. Men/arche = puberty Ovulation Oophor/o, ovari/o o/o, ov/o, ovul/o
Oophoritis
Oophorectomy
Ovarian
o/o, ov/o, ovul/o
Oogenesis

22. Coitus = intercourse Fertilization Salping/o -salpinx Salpingitis
Salpingectomy
-salpinx
Pyosalpinx
Hydrosalpinx
Hematosalpinx

23. Gestation/Pregnancy -cyesis -gravida Pseudocyesis Salpingocyesis
Nulligravida
Primigravida
Multigravida

24. Uterus Hyster/o Uter/o Hysterectomy Hysterosalpingo-gram (HSG) Uterine
Utero-ovarian ligament

25. Uterus Metr/o, metr/i Cervic/o Endometrium Myometrium Serosa
cervicitis

26. Embryonic Membranes Amni/o Chori/o Chorion/o amniocentesis
choriogenesis
Chorion/o
chorionic

27. Parturition: Act of giving birth
-tocia
dystocia
-parous
Nulliparous
Primiparous
Multiparous
EmPHAsis on the correct sylLABle

28. Vagina and Vulva Colp/o Vagin/o Episi/o Vulv/o Perine/o Culd/o
Colporrhaphy
Vagin/o
Vaginitis
Episi/o
Episiotomy
Vulv/o
Vulvar
Perine/o
Perineorrhaphy
Culd/o
culdocentesis

29. Female Reproductive System

30. Ovulation – NO fertilization
Menstruation
Oligomenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea
Menorrhagia
Metrorrhagia
Menometrorrhagia
DUB: dysfunctional uterine bleeding

31. Menopause Amenorrhea Cessation of menstruation Ova depleted
Estrogen secretion lessens
Hot flashes and insomnia
Estrogen replacement therapy

32. Carcinoma of the Cervix
Human papillomavirus infection
Dysplasia
Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
Screening test is Pap test
Conization
Hysterectomy – TAH-BSO
Exenteration: removal of most organs of pelvis

33. Endometriosis

34. Uterine Fibroids
Leiomyomata
Myomectomy

35. Accessory Organ: Breasts
Mamm/o
Mammogram
Mammoplasty
Augmentation
Reduction
Mast/o
Mastectomy
Mastitis

36. Lactation
Galact/o
Galactorrhea
Lact/o
Lactogenesis
Lactation

37. Carcinoma of the Breast
Sentinel node biopsy (SNB)
Lumpectomy
Mastectomy
TRAM flap for reconstruction
Fibrocystic disease

38. Ectopic Pregnancy Salpingocyesis Usually tubal Rupture is dangerous
Tube is usually destroyed

39. No Neonatal Conditions (pages 281)
We will cover them in the appropriate chapter
Examples:
Down Syndrome in chapter 2
Pyloric stenosis in chapter 5 & 6

40. Tubal Ligation

41. Amniocentesis

42. Procedures Pap test Tubal ligation HSG Amniocentesis Mammography
Colposcopy
Conization
Cryosurgery
Culdocentesis
Exenteration
Laparoscopy

43. Abbreviations
BSE
CIS
D&C
DUB
EDC
HSG
Pap test
SNB
TAH-BSO
TRAM flap