Classical Civilizations

Classical Civilizations
Unit 4 Classical Civilizations 600 B.C.E. – ca. 900 C.E. Classical civilizations in Eurasia and Mesoamerican employed a variety of methods to expand and maintain control over vast territories. They developed lasting cultural achievements. Both internal and external forces led to the eventual decline of these empires Compelling Questions: How can geography influence political organization? How can cultural and political differences lead to conflict and change? What factors help a dynasty stay in power?

Early People of the Aegean

Minoan Civilization Built the first Greek civilization on the island of Crete in Eastern Mediterranean Sea. The Minoans were sea traders who traveled to Egypt and Mesopotamia. Rulers lived in a palace at Knossos, artwork suggest athletic people, women who enjoyed a high status. Palace at Knossos

Rulers of Mycenae The Mycenaean's conquered the Greek mainland before conquering Crete. They were also sea traders who traded with Sicily, Italy, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. The Mycenaean's are best remembered for the Trojan War. Control of the Vital Straits led to the use of the “Trojan Horse” and the defeat of Troy.

Trojan Horse

The early Greek civilizations: Minoans & Mycenaeans
Geography played a HUGE role in the development of Greek peoples; Mountains, Islands, Peninsulas led to isolated city-states Seas made them become good at sailing Minoans were 1st Greek civilization on the island of Crete Sea traders who traveled to Egypt & Mesopotamia. Palace at Knossos; artwork suggest athletic people, women enjoyed a high status. The Mycenaeans conquered the Greek mainland & Crete. Sea traders w/ Sicily, Italy, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. Best remembered for the Trojan War (fought for control of the vital straits led to the use of the “Trojan Horse” and the defeat of Troy).

The Age of Homer Much of what we know about this period comes from the Epics of Homer. Blind poet; “wrote” the Iliad and the Odyssey. Taught the values of honor and courage Has influenced writers & artists for 3,000 years.

Guided Reading and Review
Section 2 Guided Reading and Review The Rise of Greek City-States  1. Effect: People were isolated, led to the development of separate city-states  2. Effect: They became skilled sea travelers and traders 3. Cause: A wealthy, powerful new middle class emerged from trading & began to dominate  4. Effect: They became skilled, disciplined, excellent soldiers 5. Cause: Discontent grew among the citizens of Athens

Assignment: Define the terms below on our worksheet
Read through “The Greek City-States” in your packet (pages 68-72) and answer questions #3 & 5 on page 72

Directions for Classwork: 11/10
Open Schoology Select Global Studies course Unit 4: Classical Civilizations Athens v. Sparta graphic organizer Select Document – Open in downloads Complete the Graphic Organizer Read Chapter 4 Lessons 2 & 3 Complete the graphic organizer File Save (google docs) Go back to Schoology Click in the Text Box – go to the bottom left corner and select File File – Select download – Open – Post!

Two city-states: Athens & Sparta
Movement toward democracy - Limited citizenship Participation in Government by male citizens Wealth and power of Aristocracy Glorification of the Individual Slaves with no political rights or personal freedom Military training and broad education for boys Trade with other city-states Limited rights for women - within the home Government made up of two kings, council of elders, assembly of citizens, and five Ephors Citizenship for native-born Spartan men over age 30 State-owned slaves System of strict control over people’s lives (Totalitarian) Emphasis on military virtues of discipline, fitness and health Beginning of military training for boys age 8 Prohibition against trade, travel, or mixing with other city-states Scornful of wealth Women expected to obey men - allowed to own property

“The Age of Pericles” (460 B.C. – 429 B.C.) – Golden Age
All men should be able to participate in government – Those who do not are “useless.” Paid Salaries for Government Officials Direct Democracy  Large number of citizens take part in day-to-day affairs of government Best architects and sculptors hired to rebuild city Building projects created jobs for artisans and others Supported Arts, Writing, Thinking, Learning – Athens becomes the cultural center of Greece

The Age of Homer Much of what we know about this period comes from the Epics of Homer. Homer a blind poet, wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, which characterized Greek life. These poems have influenced writers and artists for almost 3,000 years. Homer

1. Art and Architecture Architecture: Parthenon reflected Greek sense of balance and harmony. Use of columns was a Greek trait.

1. Art and Architecture (cont’d.)
Sculpture: Figures were carved in rigid poses. Used an idealistic style that showed individuals in their most perfect form. Painting: The only paintings to survive are on vases featuring elegant scenes of life.

2. Poetry and Drama Pindar’s poems celebrating athletic victories
Plays were performed outdoors in large theaters using elaborate costumes. Tragedies: Plays that told stories of human suffering. Comedies: Plays that mocked people or customs.

3. Philosophy Socrates: question & critically examine all around them.
His method of questioning became known as the “Socratic Method.” Was put on trial and forced to drink poison. Plato: emphasized the use of reason. Rejected Athenian democracy the state should regulate every aspect of people’s lives. “The Republic” describes ideal state. Aristotle: Plato’s most famous student. felt that the best gov’t was one with a single virtuous ruler. Set up school at Lyceum for the study of all branches of knowledge.

4. History First true written history:
“The Persian Wars” by Herodotus He used research to gather information Thucydides wrote about Peloponnesian Wars Lack of bias in history

Philosopher Mini-Project
Read through pages in Unit 4 Packet and Answer the following questions: What is rhetoric? How did Socrates believe an individual could contribute to Greek life? According to Plato, how should ”the ideal state” be organized? What were the three forms of government Aristotle believed to be “good”? Which philosopher’s ideals do you like/agree with the most? In other words, which one is “THE BEST”?

PHILLIP II Comes down from Macedonia - Invaded & Conquered Greece
Murdered at his daughter’s wedding

ALEXANDER – Phillip’s son, 20 years old, takes charge
Studied under Aristotle Thought of himself as 2nd Achilles - Warrior Wants to spread his empire into Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, India  ***Leads to Cultural Diffusion***

HELLENISTIC AGE: ***Alexander’s Greatest Accomplishment was spreading Greek Culture throughout his empire*** Heart of his civilization was at Alexandria, Egypt  Trade, Easy access made this the center of commerce

Achievements of Hellenistic Civilization:
Elaborate Art and Architecture Philosophy – Stoicism: calmly accept life as it comes Math – Pythagoras: a2 + b2 = c2 Euclid: The Elements – Geometry Science – Aristarchus: Earth rotates on an axis and revolves around sun Eratosthenes: World is round Archimedes: Displacement, levers and pulleys Medicine – Hippocrates: Oath to serve the sick

What was one effect of Alexander the Great’s conquests?
(1) expansion of Hellenistic culture (2) formation of the Christian church (3) decreased importance of the Silk Roads (4) increased support of the Mayan leaders (1) expansion of Hellenistic culture Which concept is most closely related to the main idea of the illustration? (1) isolation (2) cultural diffusion (3) armed conflict (4) urbanization (2) cultural diffusion

GREECE QUIZ REVIEW Quizlet.com Prentice Hall Social Studies Website
Review Sheet in Packet Handout

Greece (Ch. 5) Review Questions
Know the vocab! (polis, phalanx, oligarchy, aristocracy, democracy, etc. …) Impact of Geography (independent city-states, sailing …) Textbook Questions to look at: Page 121 #5, 6 Study the “Rise of Hellenistic Civilization Chart” on p. 125 Page 125 #2, 3, 4 Page 126 #1, 2, 5, 6, 9 Page 127 “Analyzing Maps” #1, 2, 3

Powerful Empires of India

Powerful Empires of India
Read through pages in your Unit 4 Packets and answer the following questions: How did the Mauryan Empire create a strong central government? What contacts did India have with other civilizations? How did Gupta India enjoy a “golden age”?

Questions 1-3 from pages 100-105
Chandragupta Maurya conquered and ruled over most of India. He was well-organized and harsh. Asoka was more tolerant. He organized rest-stops for travelers and issued edicts (moral laws) for people to follow. The Mauryan, Kushan, and Gupta Empires all traded with Asia and the Mediterranean world. They participated in a overland trade route known as “The Silk Road” and expanded trade into the Indian Ocean (see map in packet, page 15) The Gupta was a “Golden Age” in India because it served as a model of excellence and created many achievements and ideas that have lasted, including ideas in science, mathematics, and architecture that are still around today.

The Maurya Empire (324 B.C. – 185 B.C.)
Location: Ganges Valley (conquered all of India) Government: Chandragupta Maurya gained power, built a large (elephant) army He maintained order through a well- organized bureaucracy (decisions by state officials) His rule was effective but harsh.

The Maurya Empire (continued…)
Learning: The most honored Maurya emperor was Asoka. Converted to Buddhism and rejected violence. Brought peace & helped unite India’s diverse people. He built roads, hospital and rest stops for travelers Preached tolerance for other religions Built pillars inscribed with Buddhist virtues and ideas of justice along roads for all to see (Edicts)

Golden Age of the Gupta (320-550 A.D.)
Location: Across the Indus & Ganges Valleys Government: They organized a strong central government that ensured peace and prosperity. Less strict than the Mauryas, power was placed in the hands of villages and city governments.

Golden Age of the Gupta (continued...)
Learning: MATH! Arabic numerals, concept of zero, decimal system. Doctors developed vaccine against smallpox (1000 years before Europe) Buddhists built splendid stupas, large dome-shaped shrines. Collection of fables and folk tales written in Sanskrit language

Closing Activity Answer the questions on page 17 using the map, your notes, a textbook, and/or your Unit 4 packet.

The First Emperor of China
Read pages in your Unit 4 Packet and answer questions 3 & 5 on page JHcPd0

Qin Society Ended feudalism
Inspectors/Spies watched over all- Nobles were forced to live in the capital (Xianyang) Peasants got land, but still had to pay high taxes

Qin Religion Daoism/Taoism replaced all other ways of life
Ancestor worship was common

Qin Achievements Qin Coins-Organized money system and trade
Greatest Achievement: THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA Shi Huangdi is credited with unifying the various provinces and civilizations within the Chinese empire

Do Now: 11/30 Complete page 28 I am coming around to check your homework!

Han Dynasty (202 B.C. – A.D. 220) Government:
Liu Bang – Restored order and justice Wudi – Strengthened government and the economy: Improved roads and canals Imposed a government monopoly on salt and iron Opened a trade route that linked China to the west (Silk Road) Civil Service Exam – created to allow the smartest men to work in government Warrior Emperor

Han Dynasty (202 B.C. – A.D. 220) Society:
Scholar officials set moral examples Filial piety and other Confucian relationships dictated life Religion: Confucianism – official ideology

Han Dynasty (202 B.C. – A.D. 220) Papermaking Chemistry Medicine
Astronomy – The scientist Wang Chong discovered patterns of eclipses Technology: Fishing Reel, Stirrups, Rudder for boats, wheel barrels, suspension bridges Silk Road – 4000 miles long, linked China to the Fertile Crescent. New foods such as grapes, figs, cucumbers and walnuts came from west, silk fabric went to east

Han Dynasty (202 B.C. – A.D. 220) Using what we have read, the notes we took, your textbook (if needed), and your knowledge of social studies, answer questions #1-13 on the back of this notes page (page 30). If Time: Look at questions #4, 5 & 10 on page 122 of your Unit 4 Packet - Review by looking over pages in your textbook!

Classwork: 12/1 Review for a mini quiz tomorrow!
Complete questions #4, 5, 8 & 10 on page 122 in your textbook. Review by looking over pages in your textbook! Wudi – Warrior Emperor Ban Zhao – wrote Lessons for Women

Classwork: 12/2 After completing the “pop” quiz…
Complete page 38 in your Unit 4 Study Guide Read pages and define each key term (highlighted words)

Olmecs (1200 B.C. – 200s B.C.) Cities: No true cities, but rather ceremonial centers Learning: Developed a calendar, had a writing system of carved inscriptions

Mayas (300 A.D. – 900 A.D.) Agriculture/Pub.Wrks: Farming-based economy, built temples Gov’t/Cities: Tikal was largest of many city-states, had many temples and palaces where Priests performed sacrifices, (also used as burial places) Social Classes: Chief on top, followed by nobles, military leaders, and priests, and the farmers were in the lowest class Learning/(Achievements): Writing system (“glyphs”), books with records and history, 365- Day Calendar, number system, “slash & burn”, grew maize *Reasons for decline: over-farming, acts of nature, warfare????

Unit Summary Questions:
One way in which the Han Dynasty, Gupta Empire, and Ancient Greeks are similar is that they all included period of Religious unity Democratic reforms Economic isolation Cultural achievements Cultural achievements

Unit Summary Questions
The Han Dynasty of China, The Gupta Empire of India, and the Mayan Civilization in Mesoamerica were similar in that each experienced periods of Prosperity and creativity Feudalism and oppression War and constant invasion Mercantilism and industrial expansion Prosperity and creativity

One way in which the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire are similar is that both Governed large areas around the Mediterranean sea Created democratic societies in which people elected government officials Developed a social system in which great equality existed Promoted unity and communication by building a strong system of roads Promoted unity and communication by building a strong system of roads

Pericles in Athens, Shi Huangdi in China, Octavian Augustus in Rome, and Asoka in India are all similar in that each were Artists of the Renaissance Architects of great monuments Leaders during times of prosperity Generals of invading armies Leaders during times of prosperity

Ancient Rome Location: Italy – Peninsula
Apennine Mountains – “Backbone” not that rugged Fertile Plains to the north and West good for farming Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian, and Adriatic Seas surround Tiber River runs through Rome Cultural Diffusion: Trade and Migration – Greeks in southern Italy (tip of the boot) and Sicily War – Etruscans from Asia Minor in northern and Central Italy along Arno River … Carthaginians in Africa and on islands of Corsica and Sardinia

Government: Republic – “thing of the people” Patricians – members of the landholding elite who made up the senate Dictator – could be “elected” in times of war (ex. Cincinnatus) must give up power within 6 months Plebeians – farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders wanted more say, eventually got the right to elect … Tribunes – representatives of plebeians in the senate Consul – elected officials that ran the government, supervised business, and led the army

Expansion in Italy By about 270 B.C. Romans occupied all of Italy Rome’s success was due to: 1. Skillful diplomacy 2. A well disciplined army Roman Armies consisted of citizen-soldiers who fought without pay and supplied their own weapons. The basic unit was called a legion, made up of 5,000 men. The men were rewarded when victorious but received harsh punishments if they fled from battle, 1 out of every 10 men would be killed. Rome generally treated its enemies with justice. Conquered people had to: Acknowledge Roman leadership Pay taxes Supply soldiers for the Roman army In return, Rome let them keep their own customs, money and local government.

Rivalry with Carthage Carthage was a city-state on the northern coast of Africa. Between 264 B.C. and 146 B.C., Rome fought three wars against Carthage called the Punic Wars 1st War: Rome defeated Carthage, forcing it to surrender Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia. 2nd War: In 218 B.C. the great Carthaginian leader Hannibal led one of the most daring military battles ever. Setting out from Spain, he marched his troops and dozens of war elephants across the Pyrenees, through France, over the Alps and into Italy. The Romans expected an invasion from the south so this caught them off guard. For 15 years, Hannibal and his army won battle after battle, yet he was never able to capture the city of Rome. The Romans then headed to Carthage and Hannibal followed. The Romans defeated Hannibal at the battle of Zama. Under the peace terms Carthage gave up all of its lands except those in Africa. It also had to pay a huge tribute to Rome. 3rd War: Rome still saw Carthage and Hannibal as a rival so they attacked the city and completely destroyed it. The people were killed or sold into slavery, the Romans then poured salt over the earth so nothing would grow. Rather than being captured Hannibal took poison and ended his own life. *Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt and the Romans called the Mediterranean Mare Nostrum-“Our Sea.”

Rome vs. Carthage

Hannibal

Effects of Expansion A new wealthy class of Romans developed. They built lavish mansions and bought huge pieces of land, called latifundia, which were run with slave labor. The slave labor hurt the small farmer who could not produce crops as cheaply as the latifundia could. Farmers went into debt and had to sell their land. They went to the big cities to look for jobs. All of this wealth brought corruption and during the next 100 years, Rome had a series of civil wars. Out of this war rose Julius Caesar. He forced the senate to make him dictator, but he was really the absolute ruler of Rome. During his rule he provided jobs for the jobless and gave land to the poor. His most important contribution was the Julian Calendar which we still use today.

FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
Romans despised having a king and in 509 B.C. drove out the Etruscans and formed their REPUBLIC. As Rome expanded, its wealth greatly increased: New Wealthy Class Latifundia – large farming estates worked by slaves Led to Greed, Self – interest, and Corruption Dominated Roman politics with Pompey, a brilliant Roman general 59 B.C. Caesar set out on his own conquests – Pompey stays back home and grows jealous Civil War! Caesar crushes Pompey! Swept through the Mediterranean – "Veni, Vidi, Vici" - I came, I saw, I conquered. Crushed rebellious provinces and strengthened the Roman Empire

Comparing and Contrasting Roman and American Government

Roman Republic

Attempts at Reform: Tibius and Gaius Gracchus were two brothers who were elected tribunes and tried to change Rome for the better, but they were killed by the Senate. This led to Civil War.

Julius Caesar: Ambitious Commander who in 59 B.C. set out to make new conquests for Rome. He conquers Gaul (present-day France) He is instructed to disband his army and return home, but instead marches on Rome and dominates any who oppose him. “Veni, Vidi, Vici” – I Came, I Saw, I Conquered! Forces Senate to make him Dictator 48 B.C. – 44 B.C. issues a series of reforms, including: public works projects, giving land to poor, granting citizenship to more people, instituting the Julian Calendar (based on the Egyptians) Killed March 15, 44 B.C. – “Beware the Ides of March”

Octavian: 31 B.C. – After power struggle, Senate proclaims Octavian Augustus: “Exalted One,” and Princeps: “First Citizen” He has absolute power Reforms – Well-trained civil service that enforces laws, high-level jobs are open to anyone, allowed self-government of provinces (led to loyalty), census, fairer taxes, postal service, new coins

Problem of Empire: Who takes over when an Emperor dies? This leads to Good and Bad Emperors. Examples  Bad: Caligula (Horse as Consul), Nero (Persecuted Christians) Good: Hadrian (Codified Laws), Marcus Aurelius (“Philosopher – King) 31 B.C. – 180 A.D. is known as “PAX ROMANA” (Roman Peace) GOLDEN AGE of ROMAN HISTORY!

Quick Quiz Review Geography: Peninsula, NOT isolated islands/mountainous, *** Mediterranean Sea Republic (vocab): dictator, patrician, plebian, consul, tribune Punic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage  Rome destroys Carthage because they saw them as a continued rival Rome expands (Empire): treated people well (NOT enslaved), gap between the rich & poor widens Important People: Julius Caesar, Augustus, Hadrian “Pax Romana” = Roman Golden Age Entertainment: Coliseum, Circus Maximus, Baths  Men & women in public places

Roman Republic & Roman Empire
Family was Basic Unit of Society Senate: Patricians & Plebians have say 12 Tables  Roman Law Checks & Balances (power of Veto) Volunteer Citizen Army

Pax Romana Emperor: “Augustus” is first; institutes Civil Service to enact laws Bread & Circuses Women’s role increases.

Both: Latin Speaking Religion: mythology similar to Greeks (polytheistic) Allowed for local rule, especially of conquered peoples Latifundia Mediterranean = “Mare Nostrum”

The Roman Achievement Use pages in your maroon textbook to complete the graphic organizer on page 37 in your Unit 4 packet!

1. Art Sculptors adapted the realism of Hellenistic works.
Portraits revealed a person’s character & showed individuals as symbols of power.

2. Architecture Roman builders used Greek columns, but emphasized grandeur. Improved on the arch and the dome (Pantheon).

3. Engineering Romans excelled in their engineering skills: building roads, bridges, and harbors. Also built immense aqueducts, which carried water from the hills to the cities.

4. Literature Borrowed from the Greek style
Virgil’s Aeneid showed Rome’s past to be heroic

5. History Historians wrote about the rise & fall of Roman power & provided us with knowledge Livy – patriotism Tacitus – emperors had destroyed liberty

6. Law Civil Law – applies to citizens. “Twelve Tables”
Principles of Roman Law are still with us: People are equal before the law. Accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty. Accused have a right to face their accusers. Guilt must be established “clearer than daylight.” Judges are there to interpret the law.

Greco-Roman Civilization
Rome absorbed many ideas from Greek culture. Over time, Romans adapted and transformed Greek and Hellenistic achievements to produce what is known as Greco-Roman Civilization

Quiz Question #8 8. List, in chronological order, major events (wars, conquests, actions of individuals, etc.) that led to Rome becoming an Empire (rather than a “republic”). Civil War Ides of March Gaul (France) comes under Roman control Expansion of the Roman Empire Caesar becomes dictator

Bread & Circuses Gladiator fights and chariot races were used to entertain and pacify people. A thumbs up/down to a Gladiator would determine in he would live or die. These policies & events helped make people forget about their problems. These events took place in the Colosseum!

The Decline of Rome Objectives:
Explain how and why the Roman Empire divided. Describe how waves of invaders contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire. Identify the various types of problems that led to the fall of Rome.

The Decline of Rome Read pages in your textbook and answer questions #3, 4, and 5 on page 158 Each answer should be written in complete sentences! This is also your homework for tonight, so take advantage of the opportunity!

Do Now: 12/14 Complete Questions 1 and 2 on Page 158
I am coming around to check your homework!

Roman Empire Video

Terms and People Diocletian – emperor who split the Roman empire in two parts in an attempt to restore order inflation – a rapid rise in prices Constantinople – Constantine’s new name for Byzantium, which he made the “New Rome” and center of power for the Eastern empire

Terms and People (continued)
Huns – nomadic people from central Asia who migrated into eastern Europe, setting off a chain of invasions of the Roman empire mercenary – a foreign soldier who served for pay rather than out of loyalty 93

How did military, political, social, and economic factors combine to cause the fall of the western Roman empire? After ruling the Mediterranean for hundreds of years, the Roman empire faced threats from inside and outside. Economic problems, foreign invasions, and a decline in traditional values undermined stability and security.

Ambitious generals and politicians successively seized power.
One after another, each was overthrown or assassinated. In one 50-year period, 26 different emperors ruled. Following the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180, the Pax Romana ended. Rome fell into a period of political instability and violence. 95

High taxes placed a heavy burden on farmers and business owners.
Farmland productivity fell. Small farmers moved to the estates of the wealthy, where they were not allowed to leave the land. Economic and social problems grew worse over time. 96

The Roman legions were no longer invincible.
Rather than citizen-soldiers, many soldiers were now mercenaries, foreigners who fought for pay. Armies were often used for civil wars rather than protecting the large empire. The Roman legions were no longer invincible. 97

In 284, Emperor Diocletian set out to restore order in the empire.
He appointed a co-emperor, Maximian, and divided the empire in half to ease administration. Maximian ruled the western provinces while Diocletian retained the wealthier eastern provinces. To curb inflation he fixed prices on many goods and services. Sons were required to follow their father’s occupation and farmers to remain on their land.

The reforms helped, but only for a time.
Within 200 years, the western empire would fall. The eastern empire would last until the 1450s.

In 312 Emperor Constantine took the throne and altered Europe’s future.
He issued the Edict of Milan granting religious toleration to Christians. Christianity would later become the official religion of the empire. He made Byzantium his capital, renaming it Constantinople. This “New Rome” shifted the center of power to the eastern empire.

Increasingly, the western Roman empire came under attack from nomads.
Germanic tribes pushed into Roman territory to escape the Huns. Britain, France, Spain, and eventually Rome itself were all overrun. Wars in central Asia sent the nomadic Huns into eastern Europe.

Waves of invaders overwhelmed the Roman legions.
The Huns were the most feared of the invaders.

370 The Huns moved into Central Europe, pushing the Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and others before them.
378 The Visigoths defeated a Roman army at Adrianople. 410 Visigoth general Alaric overran Italy and sacked Rome itself. 434 Attila the Hun invaded Europe, savagely destroying anyone in his path. 476 Rome “falls.”

Long before the Roman emperor actually surrendered to Germanic invaders in 476, Rome had been in decline. The Goths, Huns, and Vandals had already over run much of the western empire.

Military, economic, political, and social factors all contributed to Rome’s decline.

An emperor ruled the eastern Roman empire for another thousand years.
The empire’s influence didn’t completely disappear with the fall of Rome. An emperor ruled the eastern Roman empire for another thousand years. Newcomers borrowed much from Roman civilization. The Church preserved many elements of Roman civilization. Many citizens continued life as they had before, but under new rulers.

Inquiry Lesson: Did Rome Fall?
Step 1: Read the Historical Context and ALL directions Step 2: Read the Compelling Question, “Did the Roman Empire actually fall?” Step 3: Analyze the map on page 49 Step 4: Read the Supporting Question #1 (pg. 50) “Why did the Roman Empire Fall?” Step 5: ACTIVELY READ (highlight, underline, circle) the note and documents for supporting question #1 (pg. 50) Step 6: Check the sources of the documents What perspective, if any, would the source have on the topic? Step 7: Answer question #1 based on your reading! Follow these steps for supporting questions 2 and 3!

Roman (& Byzantine) Review
Achievements: Architecture: Domes, Columns, “Grandeur,” Coliseum … Engineering: Roads & Bridges, Aqueducts … *****Law  12 Tables & Justinian’s Code provide basis for today’s legal system (innocent until proven guilty, everyone’s equal in the eyes of the law, right to face your accuser, ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ …) The Western Roman Empire ‘fell’ but Roman ideals lived on in the East: Byzantine Empire  Idea of an autocrat (one) ruler, architecture (domes), religion (Christianity) … BOOK REVIEW (questions to answer) Page 154 “Reviewing Facts” #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 Page 155: “Critical Thinking #1 “Analyzing Primary Sources” #1-3 “Analyzing Tables” #1-3

Unit 4 Project You will research either a person or work of architecture from one of the “Classical” civilizations, the city-states of Greece, The Mauyra and Gupta Empires of India, The Qin and Han Dynasties in China, The Roman Empire, or the cities of the Maya in Central America, to further understand its impact on history. Your goal by the end of the week is to: Know who or what you are researching Know what form your project will take (essay/research paper, PowerPoint/Prezi, model, class presentation, etc. …) Have AT LEAST two sources (online and/or print) Start outlining your presentation (answer the supporting questions on your assignment sheet) Project is DUE: Thursday, January 7, 2016

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