2. TOPIC DIVISION INTRODUCTION
List of essential oil bearing plants producing anti- insect properties.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
*ESSENTIAL OILS AS A ANTI-INSECTICIDE
CROP PESTS
HOUSE HOLD PESTS
STORAGE PESTS
DISEASES CARRYING INSECTS
CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
Essential oils are the volatile organic compounds extracted from plants, insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents and obtained by distillation.
Use of synthetic pesticides has become an integral part of modern crop protection technology and serves the cheapest and direct control method but most of them have been found to be health hazardous to consumers and cause environmental pollution. Essential oils have been found to be provide different biologically active compounds which are systemic, easily bio-degradable and toxic to pest species yet harmless to man.

4. List of essential oil bearing plants producing anti- insect properties.
Common name
Scientific name
compound
Anti insect activity
Reference
Sweet flag
Acorus calamus
Acorin
Repellent
Borden et al.,1996
Deodara
Cedrus deodara
1-methyl-4-acetyl-1-cyclohexane
Insecticidal
Vartak et al.,1993
Camphore tree
Cinnamomum camphora
Camphor, Cineole and Piperitone
Salch , 1984
Ceylon Cinnamon
Cinnamon zeylanicum
Euginol, Caryophyllene
West indian Lemon grass
Cymbophogon citrates
Citral and Citronellol
Ansari and Razdan,
1995
Ceylon
Cymbophogon nardus
Geraniol and Citronellol
Vartak and Sharma, 1993
Lemon grass
Cymbophogon domestica
Geraniol
Singh and Agarwal, 1988
Cont……

5. East Indian Lemon grass
Cymbophogon flexuosus
Citral
Repellent
Saxena and Koul, 1984
Rosha grass
Cymbophogon martini var motia
Geraniol
Sharma, 1991
Citronella
Cymbophogon winterianus
Citronellol and Citronellal
Repellent
Purohit et al., 1983
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus sp.
Citronellal
Saxena and Koul, 1984
Blue gum
Eucalyptus globules
Cineole
Larvicidal
Pathak and Dixit, 1988
Eucalyptus ugenia
Mint
Mentha arvensis
Menthol and Menthone
Basil
Ocimum basilicum, O. gratissimum, O. sanctum and O. kilmandscharicum
Euginol, Methyl chevicol linalool and geraniol
Larvicidal, Repellent and Insecticidal
Hebbalkar et al., 1992
Wild marjorum
Origanum majorana -
Selander et al., 1974
Ginger
Zingiber officinale
Ginberine
Kual et al., 1978

6. ADVANTAGES
Low residual effects - less persistence in environment and reduced risks to non-target organisms. May be applied shortly before harvest without leaving excessive residues.
Rapid Action - act very quickly to stop feeding by pest insects. They may not cause death for hours or days, but they often cause immediate paralysis or cessation of feeding.
Low Mammalian Toxicity - most essential oil have low to moderate mammalian toxicity.
Selectivity - in the field, their rapid degradation and action as stomach poisons make them more selective in some instances for plant-feeding pest insects and less harmful to beneficial insects.
Low Toxicity to Plants - most essential oil are not phytotoxic (toxic to plants).

7. DISADVANTAGES
Rapid Degradation - this characteristic, although desirable in some respects, creates a need for more precise timing or more frequent applications.
Toxicity - some essential oil used in pest control pose some hazard to the user and to the environment (like itching, skin reaction etc..).
Cost and availability - essential oil tend to be more expensive than synthetics, and some are not as widely available.
Lack of Test Data - data on effectiveness and long-term (chronic) toxicity are unavailable for some essential oil, and tolerances for some have not been established.
Extraction of oil – difficult in extraction and consume more time.

8. CROP PEST

9. Table 1: Antifeedant activity of some essential oils against
Spodoptera litura.
Sharma et al., (1990)
Botanical Name
Common name
% Feeding Protection
5 %
2.5 %
Angelia glauca
Angelia root oil
100 60
Valarina wallichii
Valarion root oil 35
Sassurea lappa
Costus root oil 75 45
Daucus carrota
Corrot seed oil 30 15
Acorus calamus
Calamus rhizome oil 95
Apium graveolens
Celery seed oil 65 25
Juniper communis
Juniper berry oil 20

10. Table 2: Insect feeding deterrence of inflorescence essential
Table 2: Insect feeding deterrence of inflorescence essential oils of lemon grass accessions for tea mosquito bug .
Sarma et al, 2006
Jorhat
Conc. (%)
Treatement*
Mean number of spots
Feeding deterrence
at 24hrs(%)
3 hours
6 hrs
9 hrs
24 hrs**
0.2 T1 T2 T3 00
5.33
18.00
11.66
27.00
36.66
31.00
49.00
65.66abc
77.33dc
85.33c
57.9
50.5
45.41
0.4
2.66
1.66
16.00
6.66
20.00
28.30
22.33
40.33
50.00bcd
51.00bcd
67.33cde
68.01
67.37
56.93
0.6
2.00
5.00
8.33
15.66
20.33
20.66
36.33
46.66bc
48.66bc
63.00cde
70.15
68.87
59.70
0.8
0.33
2.33
29.66
6.33
19.00
29.66ab
12.33a
28.33ab
81.02
92.11
81.87
Control (Acetone) -
24.66
51.66
79.00
156.33
*T1 T2 andT3 denote lemon grass accession viz. RLJ-TC-2, RLJ-TC-7, and RLJ-TC-8 respectively.
** Within columns, mean followed by a common letter do not differ significantly at 0.05% level of significance by ANOVA(RBD)

11. Per cent reduction in settlement Per cent reduction in hatching
Table 3: Effect of essential oil from curcuma longa on the
settling and breeding behavior and mortality of
cardamom aphids.
Harish et al., (1998)
Concentration (%)
Per cent reduction in settlement
Per cent reduction in hatching
Per cent mortality
1HAT
2HAT
3HAT
1DAT
0.1
0.5
1.0
35.2b
40.88b
67.1a
41.1a
61.5a
62.9a
30.9b
57.2a
70.3a
42.0b
55.9b
79.9a
3.0b
5.3b
11.3a
3.55b
5.36b
10.86a
HAT: hours after treatment, DAT: days after treatment
Different letters in each row denote significant difference (p<0.05),

12. Value Ocimum Methyl eugenol 174 1843 176 3248
Table 4: The performance of Ocimum and methyl eugenol
traps in guava orchard. (5ml)
Patel et al., (2005)
Gujarath
Value
Ocimum
Methyl eugenol
Catch at day 17
174
1843
Catch at day 87
176
3248

13. Ocimum variety Green Black Basil Methyl eugenol 2 7 75 17 9 101
Table 5: Catches (n=1) after three weeks of fruit flies of three
species in traps containing methyl eugenol and
aqueous extracts of three strains of Ocimum.
Patel et al, (2005)
Bactrocera
Ocimum variety
Green
Black
Basil
Methyl eugenol
dorsalis 2 7 75
zonata 17
correcta 9
Totals
101

14. Table 6: Percentage leaf area of cauliflower leaves consumed
within 24 h by larvae of Spodaptera litura in a no
choice antifeedant assay against various essential
oils.
Sharma et al,.(2000)
Hissar
Conc. (%)
Ocimum sanctum
Ocimum basilicum
Cymbopogon winterianus
Eucalyptus sp.
Callstemon lanceolatus
Vitex nigundo
Lantana camara
Acetone
control 2
53.0
50.0
49.1
60.0
55.0
59.0 5
10.0
05.0
15.0
45.0
58.0 10
00.0
20.0
66.0
P=0.05

15. Table 7: Percentage leaf area of cauliflower leaves consumed
within 24 h by larvae of Spodaptera litura in a
choice antifeedant assay against various essential
oils.
Sharma et al.,(2000)
Hissar
Conc. (%)
Ocimum sanctum
Ocimum basilicum
Cymbopogon winterianus
Eucalyptus sp.
Callstemon lanceolatus
Vitex nigundo
Lantana camara
Acetone
control 2
0.0
150.0
10.0
30.0
31.0
80.0
85.0 5
02.0
05.0
15.0
12.0
81.0
90.0 10
25.0
00.0
82.0
p=0.05

16. Table 8:Percentage feeding deterrency effect and mortality
of various essential oils on third instar larvae of
Spodaptera litura at 10 per cent concentration.
Sharma et al.,(2000)
Hissar
Plant oil
Deterrency
Mortality
Ocimum sanctum
100.0
20.0
Ocimum basilicum
0.00
Cymbopogon winterianus
Eucalyptus sp.
40.0
Callstemon lanceolatus
Vitex nigundo
Lantana camara

17. Table 9: Effect of Ocimum sanctum essential oil on the
development of Spodaptera litura larvae from
second instar larvae to adults.
Sharma et al., (2000)
Hissar
Dose %
Initial larval weight (mg)+SE
Larval weight (mg) after 48 h
Mean days to pupate
Mean days to adult emergence
2.00
2.16±0.06
1.37±0.05
No pupation
No adult
1.00
2.17±0.05
3.26±0.05
24.00±1.30
11.37±1.0
0.50
2.15±0.09
3.37±0.04
22.02±1.21
09.97±1.10
0.25
2.20±0.03
4.19±0.03
19.33±1.60
08.90±1.12
Control
2.19±0.05
4.38±0.04
16.10±1.25
07.00±1.20

18. Fig. Percentage mortality of Safflower aphids (Uroleucon carthami) treated
with various essential oil (after 24hrs.)
Pathipathi, (2004)

19. Fig. Percentage mortality of Safflower aphids (Uroleucon carthami) treated
with various essential oil (after 48 hrs.)
Pathipathi, (2004)

20. Fig. Percentage mortality of Safflower aphids (Uroleucon carthami) treated
with various essential oil (after 72 hrs.)
Pathipathi, (2004)

21. parameters of Spilosoma oblique when fed on treated food during third
Table10: Effect of essential oil of Elsholtzia densa on different biological
parameters of Spilosoma oblique when fed on treated food during third
instar larval stage.
Tandon et al., (2004) Pantnagar
Stage of insect
No. of insect (n)
Concentration of Elsholtzia densa
Control
(untreated)
CD (P≥0.
05) 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
Larval mortality (%) 30
21.15
26.57
28.78
31.00
18.44
(5.91)
Larval duration (days)
21.61
21.58
24.19
24.33
24.64
20.56
0.52
Larval weight (g/larvae) 10
3.79
3.50
3.04
2.86
2.64
5.86
0.23
Pre-pupal mortality (%)
12.29
8.86
23.36
(17.02)
Post-pupal mortality (%)
15.00
17.71
6.15
(18.42)
Pupal duration (days)
10.89
11.40
12.13
13.11
13.78
10.92
0.75
Adult emergence (%)
55.08
50.85
48.85
41.15
67.86
(16.66)
Adult deformity (%)
0.00 NS
Fecundity/ female -
438.33
400.38
367.00
332.67
216.33
503.00
24.52
Egg fertility (%)
67.22
61.58
55.15
49.61
46.53
73.73
(3.48)
NS: Non significant

22. Concentration (g/litre) Feeding inhibition (%)
Table 11: Antifeedant activity of ginger constituents against Spilosoma obliqua.
Agarwal et al, 2001
New Delhi
Treatment
Concentration (g/litre)
Feeding inhibition (%)
Ginger oil (stream distilled) 10 7 5 3 1 65 60 50 45 35
Curcumene 70 40 30
Ginger oleoresin 90 85
Gingerol 20 00
Control

23. Total growth inhibition a+b+c (%)
Table:12 Effect of feeding of ginger constituents on insect growth regulatory activity
against Spilosoma oblique.
Agarwal et al, 2001
Treatments
Conc. %
Larval pupal mortality
a(%)
Larval pupal intermediate
b(%)
Abnormal pupa or adults
c (%)
Normal adults %
Total growth inhibition a+b+c (%)
Corrected
Total growth inhibition
Ginger oil 1
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1 25 20 15 10 05 40 45 55 60 70 30
52.9
47.06
35.29
29.41
17.65
Curcumene 50 65 35
41.2
23.53
Ginger oleoresin
Gingerol
29.49
Control 90 -

24. HOUSE HOLD PEST

25. HOUSE HOLD PESTS Cockroaches : Blatta orientalis, Blatella germanica
House cricket : Gryllus domesticus (Orthoptera:Gryllidae)
Furniture beetle: Sinoxylon sudanicum (Coleoptera: Bostrychiidae)
Termites: Microtermes sp. (Isoptera: Termatidae)
Ants : Monomorium indicum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Silver fish : Lepisma saccharina (Thysanura :Lepismatidae)
it is primitive wingless insect feed on a variety of materials including paper, cotton, starch and cereals. They can be problem in library and other places where books, documents and paper are stored.

26. 14.8cm
10 cm
3.5 cm
10 cm
3.5 cm B C A
20 cm
Fig. Apparatus for the repellency assay against silver fish. Chamber A (left): filter paper only; B (Central): without filter paper; Chamber C (right): filter paper impregnated with essential oil (Cryptomeria
japonica ).
Wang et al., (2006)
Japan

27. Wang et al., (2006) Japan

28. Cryptomeria japonica

29. Wang et al., (2006) Japan

30. contacting the essential-oil-impregnated filter paper. b Silverfish
Fig: a,b. Dead silverfish in the toxic assay. a Silverfish that died without
contacting the essential-oil-impregnated filter paper. b Silverfish
that died on the essential-oil-impregnated filter paper

31. STORAGE PEST

32. STORAGE PEST Grain moth: Sitroga cerealella (Lepidoptera)
Cigarette beetle: Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera)
Drug store beetle: Stegobium paniceum (Coleoptera)
Tamarind beetle: Pachymeres gonagra (Coleoptera )
Sweet potato weevil: Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera)
Arecanut beetle: Aracecerus fasciculatus (Coleoptera)
Khapra beetle: Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera)
Rice weevil: Sitophilis oryzae (Coleoptera)
Rice moth: Corcyra cephalonia (Lepideptera)
Potato tuber moth: Phthorimaea operculatus (Lepideptera)
Red flour beetle: Tribolium castanum (Coleoptera)
Bruchids: Callosobruchus chinansis (Coleoptera)

33. Percentage of damaged grains using leaf oil (w/w)
Table 13: Grain protectant activity of volatile leaf oil of
Curcuma domestica on different grains at various
consentrations against Callosobruchus chinensis.
Rajendra and Punukollu (2000)
Rajahmundry
Grain
Percentage of damaged grains using leaf oil (w/w)
Control 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
Red gram
63.3
32.1
9.3
9.4
9.2
Green gram
74.5
52.2
10.2
Bengal gram
67.7
20.4
8.4
8.6
8.5
Black gram
59.0
22.0
7.6
7.7
7.8
Wheat
82.4
30.0
15.0
14.9
15.2

34. Percentage weight loss
Table 14: Percentage weight loss of grains treated with
different essential oil concentration of Ocimum
gratissimum (Og) and O. basilicum (Ob)
Keita et al, (2001)
Canada
Treatment (µl)
Percentage weight loss
1 month
2 months
3 months Og Ob
0 (Control) 33 67 80
100
200
400
600
800
1000 17 8 5 25 1 42 15 32 3 47 20 10

35. Control (empty)
Keita et al., (2001)
Canada

36. Control (empty)
Keita et al., (2001)
Canada

37. Control (empty)
Keita et al., (2001)
Canada

38. Table 15: Effect of the Cinnamomum oil on olfactory
response to Callosobruchus chinensis L.
Ramesh et al., (1998)
Ghorakpur (U.P)
SL. No.
Concentration of oil (%)
Mean value No. of insects released
Mean value No. of non-reacting insects
Mean value No. of insects in control arm
Mean value No. of insects in experimental arm 1
0.001 25
12(48%)
10(40%)
03(12%) 2
0.002
08(32%)
15(60%)
02(08%) 3
0.003
16(64%)
01(04%) 4
0.004
07(28%)
18(72%)
00(00%) 5
0.005 6
0.006 7
0.007 8
0.008 9
0.009 10
0.010

39. Monthly percentage at different exposure periods
Table:16 Toxic effect of the Cinnamomum oil against
Callosobruchus chinensis L.
Ramesh et al., (1998)
Conc. of the oil (%)
Number of insects released
Monthly percentage at different exposure periods
24 hrs
48 hrs
72 hrs
96 hrs
0.0002 10 00
0.0004 20 70
0.0008 30 80
0.0012 90
0.0016 50
100
0.0020 40

40. Table 17: Insecticidal investigation of Curcuma longa rhizome oil
Table 17: Insecticidal investigation of Curcuma longa rhizome oil against wheat insect (Trbolium casteanum) Gurdip singh et al., (2005)
Gorakhpur
Oil
Dosea
% Mortality at exposure time (in h) 1 2 3 5 7 12 24
Curcuma longa oil
0.5
2.0
3.0
6.0 20 40 60 70 10 80 90
100
Curcuma longa Oleoresine
Control -
a Dose in L per 80 mm Petri plate

41. Table 18: Mean % repellency values for different dosages
of Indian dill (Anethum sowa) seed oil and its
fractions against adults of beetle (Tribolium
castaneum) in choice area Thripathi et al., (2000) Lucknow
Dosage (µl/half dose)
Mean % repellency shown by the oil and its fractions
Whole oil
Fraction I (F1)
Fraction II (F2)
Fraction III (F3) 0a 20
30±1.6b
70±1.2b
83±0.6b
13±0.7b 40
62±1.3c
86±0.8c
95±0.6c
30±0.7c 60
78±1.2d
91±1.1d
100±0.0d
58±1.3d
100
100±0.0e
77±2.0e
Overall PR 68 87 95 45
(F1): limonene, (F2): d-carvone, (F3): dihydrocarvone &dillapiole
Each value is the average of observations on 10 replicates of 10 adult beetles each. Data were transformed in to arcsine percentage values before ANOVA and DMRT tests. Column means for each chemical fallowed by different letter (s) are significantly different at 0.05 level (DMRT)

42. Mean % adult mortality after 48h caused by
Table 19: Contact toxicity from filter discs impregnated
with Indian dill (Anethum sowa) seed oil and its
fractions caused on the adults of flour beetle
(Tribolium castaneum).
Thripathi et al., (2000)
Dosage (µl/half dose)
Mean % adult mortality after 48h caused by
Whole oil
Fraction I
Fraction II
Fraction III 0a 20
18±0.4b
15±1.5b
18±1.0b 40
22±0.6c
20±1.0c
22±2.5 b 60
22±1.0d
29±1.6d
30±0.8 c 80
29±0.3e
35±1.4e
40±0.8 d
100
32±1.2c
50±1.9c
60±3.2c
(F1): limonene, (F2): d-carvone, (F3): dihydrocarvone &dillapiole
Each value is the average of observations on 10 replicates of 10 adult beetles each. Data were transformed in to arcsine percentage values before ANOVA and DMRT tests. Column means for each chemical fallowed by different letter (s) are significantly different at 0.05 level (DMRT)

43. Mean % adult mortality after 48h caused by
Table 20: Contact toxicity from filter discs impregnated with
Indian dill (Anethum sowa) seed oil and its fractions
caused on the larvae of flour beetle (Tribolium
castaneum).
Thripathi et al., (2000)
Dosage (µl/half dose)
Mean % adult mortality after 48h caused by
Whole oil
Fraction I
Fraction II
Fraction III 0a 20
15±0.7b 40
24±0.6c 60
20±0.7b
40±0.5d
18±0.5b 80
22±0.8b
50±1.4e
30±1.2c
100
31±0.4c
60±1.7f
33±0.7d
(F1): limonene, (F2): d-carvone, (F3): dihydrocarvone &dillapiole
Each value is the average of observations on 10 replicates of 10 adult beetles each. Data were transformed in to arcsine percentage values before ANOVA and DMRT tests. Column means for each chemical fallowed by different letter (s) are significantly different at 0.05 level (DMRT)

44. Mean % adult mortality after 48h caused by
Table:21 Contact toxicity from filter discs impregnated with
Indian dill (Anethum sowa) seed oil and its fractions
caused on the 4th instar larvae of flour beetle
(Tribolium castaneum).
Thripathi et al., (2000)
Dosage (µl/half dose)
Mean % adult mortality after 48h caused by
Whole oil
Fraction I
Fraction II
Fraction III 0a 20
44±2.0b 40
67±1.4c 60
59±2.0b
81±1.2d
59±1.3b 80
67±1.0 c
94±1.0e
91±5.4c
100
78±1.7 d
100±0.00f
95±1.0d
(F1): limonene, (F2): d-carvone, (F3): dihydrocarvone &dillapiole
Each value is the average of observations on 10 replicates of 10 adult beetles each. Data were transformed in to arcsine percentage values before ANOVA and DMRT tests. Column means for each chemical fallowed by different letter (s) are significantly different at 0.05 level (DMRT)

45. Mean % adult mortality after 48h caused by
Table 22: Toxicity from the topical application of Indian dill
(Anethum sowa) seed oil and its fractions on the
adults of flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum).
Thripathi et al., (2000)
Dosage (µl/half dose)
Mean % adult mortality after 48h caused by
Whole oil
Fraction I
Fraction II
Fraction III 0a 20
56±2.0b
49±3.0b
41±2.0b 40
69±1.2c
56±1.4c
63±1.0c 60
76±1.0d
80±2.0d
71±1.0d 80
89±1.4e
92±1.0e
86±1.0e
100
100±0.0 f
100±0.0f
(F1): limonene, (F2): d-carvone, (F3): dihydrocarvone &dillapiole
Each value is the average of observations on 10 replicates of 10 adult beetles each. Data were transformed in to arcsine percentage values before ANOVA and DMRT tests. Column means for each chemical fallowed by different letter (s) are significantly different at 0.05 level (DMRT)

46. Mean % pupae to adult after 48h caused by
Table 23: Toxicity from the topical application of Indian dill
(Anethum sowa) seed oil and its fractions on the
pupae of flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum).
Thripathi et al., (2000)
Dosage (µl/half dose)
Mean % pupae to adult after 48h caused by
Whole oil
Fraction I
Fraction II
Fraction III
100±0.0a 20
67±2.0b
68±2.0b
75±2.2b 40
66±0.0c
49±3.0c
53±2.0c 60
53±1.0 c
52±1.3c
41±1.8d 80
35±2.0 d
33±1.0 d
33±1.0e
100
33±1.5e
21±1.3e
25±1.0f
(F1): limonene, (F2): d-carvone, (F3): dihydrocarvone &dillapiole
Each value is the average of observations on 10 replicates of 10 adult beetles each. Data were transformed in to arcsine percentage values before ANOVA and DMRT tests. Column means for each chemical fallowed by different letter (s) are significantly different at 0.05 level (DMRT)

47. Cc:Cymbopogan Citratus, Cn: C. nardus, Cz: Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Table 24: Percentage seed germination, % damaged grains,
Sitotroga cerealella population and 1000-grain weight
of the seed paddy treated with the essential oils of Cymbopogan citratus, C. nardus and Cinnamomum. zeylanicum for a period of 168 days.
Paranagama et al.,(2003)
Sri Lanka
Treatment
% seed germination1
% damaged grains1
S. cerealella population (no.)1
1000 grain weight (g)1
Control
Cc (25ml)
Cn (25ml)
Cz (25ml)
20.2 ± 1.5 a
22.60 ± 3.8 b
22.60 ± 5.3 b
22.0 ± 3.2 b
20.0 ± 3.0 a
14.0 ± 5.7 b
12.3 ±4.8 b
18.60 ± 6.4 ab
5.0 ± 1.0 a
1.60 ± 0.7 b
1.60 ± 0.3 b
1.8 ±0.5 c
19.8 ± 0.9 a
21.1 ± 0.4 b
22.9 ± 0.2 b
22.6 ± 0.7 b
1mean of 3 replicates ± standard error; means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% level by one way ANOVA & Turkey’s pair wise comparison test.
Cc:Cymbopogan Citratus, Cn: C. nardus, Cz: Cinnamomum zeylanicum

48. citratus, C. nardus andCinnamomum zeylanicum for 6
Table 25: Physical and organoleptic properties of the rice prepared from the paddypreviously treated with the essential oils of C.
citratus, C. nardus andCinnamomum zeylanicum for 6
months of treatment.
Paranagama et al.,(2003)
Sri Lanka
Parameters of rice
Control1
C. citratus1
C. nardus1
Cinnamomum. zeylanicum
Aroma
Flavour
Gloss
Stickiness
Tenderness
2.88 ± 0.08 a
3.26 ± 0.08 a
3.26 ± 0.14 a
2.46 ± 0.20 a
3.26 ± 0.17 a
2.95 ± 0.09 a
3.80 ± 0.09 b
3.56 ± 0.14 a
3.13 ± 0.08 b
3.80 ± 0.19 a
3.28 ± 0.16 a
3.56 ± 0.03 a
3.50 ± 0.20 a
2.80 ± 0 ab
3.46 ± 0.13 a
3.21 ± 0.08 a
3.16 ± 0.03 b
3.13 ± 0.24 a
3.03 ± 0.03 b
3.40 ± 0.19 a
1mean of 3 replicates ± standard error; Different letters in each row denote significant difference (p<0.005), Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests;
Parameter index-
Aroma-1=very weak, 2=moderately weak, 3=slightly weak, 4=slightly strong, 5=moderately strong, 6=very strong
Flavour - 1=very weak, 2=moderately weak, 3=slightly weak, 4=slightly strong, 5=moderately strong, 6=very strong
Tenderness - 1=very tough, 2=moderately tough, 3=slightly tough, 4=slightly tender, 5=moderately tender, 6=very tender
Stickiness - 1=well separated, 2= moderately separated, 3=slightly separated, 4=slightly sticky, 5=moderately sticky, 6=very sticky
Gloss - 1=very dull, 2=moderately dull, 3=slightly dull, 4=slightly glossy, 5=moderately glossy, 6=very glossy

49. DISEASE CARRYING
INSECTS

50. DISEASE CARRYING INSECTS
Mosquitoes: Culex fatigans, Aedes aegyptii,
Anopheles stephens
House fly : Musa nebulo (Diptera:Musidae)
Eye fly: Siphunculina funicola
(Diptera:Choropidae)
Fleas : Xenopsylla cheopis
(Siphanoptera:Pulicidae)

51. Table.26 Plants reported for insecticidal, growth inhibition and repellent activity against mosquito
vectors
Plant species (Family)
Plant product
Species tested
Type of activity
Tagetes errecta
(Compositae)
Acetone extract, steem distillation
Cx.quinquefasciatus,
Aedes aegypti
An. stephensi
Growth regulator,
Larvicidal,
Adulticidal
Tagetes minuta (Compositae)
Essential oil,
whole plant flower
An.stephensi,
Ae. aegypti,
Ae.aegypti
Adulticidal,
Repellent
Cymbopogan spp
(Gramineae)
Oil as topical
application
An. culicifacies,
Cx.quinquefasciatus
Mentha piperita
(Labiatae)
Essential oil
An. stephensi,
Ae. Aegypti
Ocimum sanctum
Steam distillated,
Ae.aegypti,
An.stephensi
Larvicidal
Dalbergia sisoo Roxb.
(Leguminasae)
Eucalyptus maculata
(Myrtaceae)
PMD spray 50% ai
based on
essential oil
An. gambiae
An. funestus
Citrus spp.
(Rutaceae)
Fruit peel oil
Cx. pipiens,
ICMR BULLETIN( )

52. O. minutiflorum against third-fourth instar Cx. pipiens.
Table:27 Larvicidal activity of the essential oils of Oreganum onites and
O. minutiflorum against third-fourth instar Cx. pipiens.
Cetin and Yanikoglu, (2006)
Turkey
Concentration (ppm)
Exposure time (h) 1 6 24
O. onites 25 50 75
100
150
200
Control (+)
Control (-)
35.0±11.3 ax, By
56.0 ± 5.9 a, B
76.0 ± 16.3 a, C
78.0 ± 3.7 a, C
96.0 ± 1.7 a, D
100.0 ± 0.0 a, D
87.0 ± 6.3 a, C
0.0 ± 0.0 a, A
41.0 ± 12.3 a, B
71.0 ± 2.7 b, C
82.0 ± 6.2 ab, D
95.0 ± 2.0 b, D
100.0 ± 0.0 b, D
49.0 ± 13.4 a, B
83.0 ± 2.7 b, C
93.0 ± 2.3 b, CD
98.0 ± 1.1 b, D
4.0 ± 2.0 a, A
O. minutiflorum
8.0 ± 3.3 a, A
5.0 ± 3.0 a, A
19.0 ± 3.0 a, B
33.0 ± 5.5 a, C
41.0 ± 2.8 a, C
50.0 ± 2.8 a, D
87.0 ± 6.3 a, E
26.0 ± 5.0 b, B
26.0 ± 2.6 b, B
27.0 ± 4.4 a, B
82.0 ± 5.0 b, C
86.0 ± 6.2 b, CD
97.0 ± 1.9 b, C
100.0 ± 0.0 a, C
29.0 ± 3.4 b, B
35.2 ± 3.0 c, B
52.0 ± 6.5 b, C
85.0 ± 6.6 b, D
98.0 ± 2.0 b, E
100.0 ± 0.0 b, E
100.0 ± 0.0 a, E
% Mortality ±SE. Control (-) Tween 80 (0.3%). Control (+) 1 ppm Temephos (Temephos M-Toks® 50 EC).
x Means within a line followed by the same lower case letter are not significantly different using Duncan’s multiple range test
( P<0.05).
yMeans within a column followed by the same capital letter are not significantly different using Duncan’s multiple range test (P<0.05).

53. Table:28 Bioactivities of essential oils of some Origanum
species against different insects.
Cetin and Yanikoglu (2006)
Plant name
Insect species
Activity
O. compactum (Betham)
Cx. pipiens
Larvicidal
O. majorana L.
Thrips tabaci Lindeman
Deterred oviposition
O. creticum L.
Spodoptera litura (Fabricus)
O. syriacum L.
O. vulgare L.
Tetranychus urticae Koch
Bemisia tabaaci
Lasioderme serricorne (F.)
Sitophilus granarius (L.)
Ephestia kuehniella (Zell.)
Nymphal and
adulticidal
and
O. acutidens (Hand-Mazz)
Sitophilus granarius L.
Larvicidal and

54. Oreganum onites

55. Table:29 Mean number of Aedes aegypti bites received per test
Ibrahim and Mohd. Zaki (1998)
Concentration mg cm-2 Dp Le Cm Cn Pc
0.0379
0.0189
0.0095
0.0047
0.0024
0.0012
0.0006
Control -
1.00
2.00
3.50
6.00
1.75
2.50
4.25
0.50
0.75
2.25
3.25
1.25
4.50
Dp - Dimethyl phthalate; Le - Litsea elliptica;
Cm - Cinnamomum mollissinium; Cn - Cymbopogon nardus; PC - Pogostemon cablin.

56. Table:30 Percent Repellency of Plant Samples Toward Aedes aegypti
Ibrahim and Mohd. Zaki (1998)
Concentration mg cm-2 Dp Le Cm Cn PC
0.0379
0.0189
0.0095
0.0047
0.0024
0.0012
0.0006
Control -
100
83.33
66.67
41.67
76.47
58.82
41.18
84.62
76.92
30.77
72.22
50.00
44.44
78.57
71.43
42.86
35.71
Dp - Dimethyl phthalate; Le - Litsea elliptica;
Cm - Cinnamomum mollissinium; Cn - Cymbopogon nardus; PC - Pogostemon cablin.

57. Mosquito bites per hour protection
Table:31 Mean Number of Mosquito Bites Received per Person per Hour on Treated and Untreated Skin
Ibrahim and Mohd. Zaki (1998)
Treatment Percent
Mosquito bites per hour
protection
*Repellent cream on skin
No treatment 1 30
96.6
*The aqueous cream containig 15% leaf oils of Litsea elliptica,
Cinnamomum mollissinium, Cymbopogon nardus in the ratio of 1:1:1

58. Percentage after exposure time (in hrs)
Table 32: Major components of essential oil showing
repellency against mosquitoes.
Bindra et al., (2001)
Lucknow
Major components
Percentage after exposure time (in hrs) 2 4 6
Citronellal (citronella oil)
25.50
22.76
20.77
Citronellol (citronella oil)
13.80
13.73
Linalool (citronella oil)
05.21
00.93
00.22
α-Pinene (Pine oil)
01.40
00.86
00.84

59. Percentage after exposure time (in hrs)
Table 33: Major components of essential oil showing
repellency against mosquitoes.
Bindra et al., (2001)
Lucknow
Major components
Percentage after exposure time (in hrs) 2 4 6
Citronellal (citronella oil)
21.36
20.79
19.76
Citronellol (citronella oil)
13.27
13.96
13.21
α-Himachalene (Cedar wood oil)
24.46
20.01
β-Himachalene (Cedar wood oil)
24.19
24.01
α-Pinene (Pine oil)
01.40
01.56
01.16
β-Pinene (Pine oil)
28.91
26.00
20.14

60. Percentage after exposure time (in hrs)
Table 34: Major components of essential oil showing
repellency against mosquitoes.
Bindra et al., (2001)
Lucknow
Major components
Percentage after exposure time (in hrs) 2 4 6
Citronellal (citronella oil)
20.88
16.96
Citronellol (citronella oil)
14.97
14.67
14.51
α-Pinene (Pine oil)
β-Pinene (Pine oil)
20.06
I-Menthol (Menthol)
04.45
04.19
04.49
Iso-Menthol (Menthol)
01.56
01.13
01.07

61. Pine tree

62. Table 35: Mortality rate (%) of Phlebotomus papatasi (sand fly)
exposed to Myrtle essential oil after 24 hours recovery
period
Yaghoobi et al, (2005).
Iran
Concentration
No. sand flies
Mortality (%)
0.01 mg/cm2
0.1mg/cm2
0.2 mg/cm2
0.4 mg/cm2
0.8 mg/cm2
1.6 mg/cm2 46 41 45 30
4.4 50
62.2

63. Myrtus communis

64. Table 37: Percentage of mortality at 48 and 72 Hours After
Ingestion of Diet Modified by Different Essential Oil
Emulsions on Limantria dispar (gypsy moth)
Moretti et al, (2002)
Italy
Essential oil emulsions
48 hours
72 hours
LC50 (µl/g)
0.25%
0.5%
1.0%
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Eucalyptus globules
Helichrysum italicum
Myrtus communis
Rosmarinus officinalis
Salvia officinalis
Thymus herba-barona
Control
11.6
5.0
13.3
8.3
20.0
10.0
18.0
15.0
13.0
25.0
53.0+
27.0
48.0+
43.0+
33.0+ 25
18.3
26.6 20
31.6
22.0
38.0+
40.0+
30.3+
45.0+
75.0+
58.0+
73.0+
78.0+
28.0
88.0+
0.45
0.60
0.42
0.46
0.40 -
0.35
*Standard deviation < 5%.
+Statistically significant difference to the control (P < .05 Stu-dent-
Newman-Keuls test).

65. Moretti et al.,(2002)
Italy

66. Thymus herba-barona

67. Mortality of mites (%) according to dose of herb oils
Table 38: Mortality of house dust mites by direct contact
bioassay
RIM and JEE (2006)
Korea
Treatment at 5 min
Number of mites tested (N)
Mortality of mites (%) according to dose of herb oils
(µl/cm2)
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.0125
*Negative control
**Positive control
Pennyroyal
Ylang ylang
Citronella
Lemon grass
Tea tree
Rosemary
300
100
98.4
60.5
10.1
98.7
10.4
95.5
9.4
2.6
5.1 10
5.2
N: number of mites tested.
*Ethanol, **Acaricidal products

68. Pennyroyal Ylang ylang

69. Mortality (%) of mites by different doses of pennyroyal
Table 39: Mortality of house dust mites in fumigation testing
by pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium)
RIM and JEE (2006)
Korea
Time of
exposure
(min)
Methods a)
Mortality (%) of mites by different doses of pennyroyal
(µl/cm2)
Control
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.0125 5 10 20 30 60 A B
2.1
41.2
81.3
40.5
83.4
42.1
90.4
42.6
100
41.5
83.1
71.5
a) Method A, open container; Method B, closed container.

70. CONCLUSION Essential oils have widespread biological activity.
Need to be tried in field condition.
Low grade oils and their isolate effectively
utilized.
Cost benefit ratio and persistence under
field condition need to be worked out.

71. THANK YOU