1. Microbial Nutrition and Colonies

2. Bacteria Morphology

3. Macronutrients
-C, O, H, N, S P, K, Ca, Fe -needed in large amounts

4. Micronutrients
Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, Cu
Usually obtained through water

5. Nutritional Types of Microorganisms

6. 1. Carbon: (Autotroph v. Heterotroph)
Heterotroph: C from preformed organic molecules Autotroph: C from CO2

7. 2. Energy Source (Phototroph v. chemotroph)
Phototroph: light source Chemotroph: oxidize organic or inorganic molecules

8. 3. Electron source (lithotrophs vs. organotrophs)
Lithotrophs: inorganic sources Organotrophs: organic sources

9. Culture Media
- must contain all nutrients required for growth -contains agar: used to solidify liquid media
Functional Types: 1. Supportive/general 2. Enriched 3. Selective media 4. Differential

10. Bacterial Taxonomy
- uses rRNA nucleotide sequences for classification - Strain: group of organisms within a species with characteristics which render it distinctive

11. The Bacterial Tree
- 50 well-studied Phyla Ex. -Thermophiles -cyanobacteria -Gram-positives -Spirochetes -chlamydiae -Many Bacteria yet to be classified

12. Cyanobacteria
- many grow as filaments -type of "algae"

13. Gram-positive Firmicutes
- rods and cocci -many are pathogens Ex. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus

14. Gram-positive Endospores
- heat resistant for millenia Ex. Clostridium: Tetanus, botox, gangrene Bacillus: anthrax

15. Gram-positive actinobacteria
- Acid-fast cell walls EX. Mycobacterium leprae, tuberculosis

16. Alpha Protetobacteria
-Photoheterotrophs: -Endosymbionts: Ex. Rhizobium (root nodules) Rickettsias (rocky mountain spotted fever)

17. Enteric Gamma Proteobacteria
-many form biofilms -pathogens Ex. Salmonella -Escherichia coli -Proteus -Shigella

18. Delta Proteobacteria
"Social" bacteria -form aggregations of bacteria -some parasitize other bacteria

19. Epsilon Proteobacteria
Heliobacter pylori: cause stomach ulcers -burrows under protective mucous layer -opportunistic pathogen

20. Bacteriodetes
- major flora of human colon -break down toxins in food - provide nutrients

21. Chlamydiae
- intracellular parasite -grows within host cells Transmission: Elementary Bodies: "spore" that is transferred to new host

22. Microbial Interactions with humans
1. Ectosymbiont: surface on another organism 2. Endosymbiont: located within another organism 3. Consortium: contact between dissimilar organisms

23. Microbiome
- new field of study -dedicated to study of microbial diversity on humans

24. Gnotobiotic Animals
- microbe-free animals - used to study complex relationships of microbes - highly susceptible to infection

25. Normal Microbiota of Human body
- interactions vary commensalisms, mutualisms, parasitism -vary by body region

26. Skin Microbes
- many -