1. Cellular Reproduction

2. How Do Cells Receive Nutrients?
Cell Membrane
The membrane allows in:
Food
Water
Oxygen

3. The Cell Membrane
Selectively permeable – allows only certain materials to pass through.
Diffusion – the movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
Osmosis – the movement of molecules from areas of higher to areas of lower concentration through the cell membrane.

4. The Cell Membrane Three types of solution Hypotonic
Note: = Water = Concentration

5. The Cell Membrane Three types of solution Isotonic
Note: = Water = Concentration

6. The Cell Membrane Three types of solution Hypertonic
Note: = Water = Concentration

7. The Cell Membrane Three types of solutions
Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic
The concentration of water outside of the cell is:
Higher Same Lower

8. The Cell Membrane Three types of solutions
Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic
The concentration of dissolved substance outside of the cell is:
Lower Same Higher

9. The Cell Membrane Three types of solutions
Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic
The cell contents will:
Swell Stay the same Shrink

10. The Cell Membrane
The concentration (amount) of dissolved substance affects the movement of water into and out of the cell.

11. The Cell Membrane
Homeostasis – the ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal balance even when the conditions around it change.
Examples:
Turgor Pressure – the force of the cell contents pushing against the cell wall

12. The Cell Membrane
Passive Transport – the movement of substances through the cell membrane without using energy.
Active transport – the movement of molecules from areas of lower to higher concentration with the use of energy.

13. The Cell Membrane
Protein Molecules Lipid Molecules

14. Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Cell Diameter increases 10 times
Surface Area increases 100 times
Volume increases 1000 times

15. Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Double the cell size (2 times)
8 times more nutrients required
8 times more waste to excrete
Surface area increase only 4 times
Cell starve to death or be poisoned

16. Why is it important to have many small cells rather than one Larger cell?
Larger cell has:
Difficulty in receiving enough nutrients and oxygen
Difficulty in removing wastes
One copy of DNA

17. Cell divides into two daughter cells
Cell Division
Cell divides into two daughter cells

18. Mitosis
Process by which the nucleus of the cell is divided into two nuclei, each with the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell.

19. Interphase G1 phase S phase G2 phase Cellular Growth Development
DNA Replication
Protein synthesis
G2 phase
Synthesis of organelles
Materials for cell division

20. Interphase

21. Chromosomes
Contain the genetic information (DNA) that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.

22. Chromosomes
DNA
Proteins (histones)

23. Chromosome Structure
Sister Chromatid
Centromere
DNA

24. Number of Chromosomes Organism Chromosome Number Amoeba 50 Carrot 18
Cat 32
Chimpanzee 48
Dog 78
Earthworm 36
Goldfish 94
HUMAN 46
Lettuce

25. Prophase Appearance of chromosomes Nucleolus disappears
Longest ( %)
Appearance of chromosomes
Nucleolus disappears
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Centrioles separate and migrate to opposite poles of cell
Spindle fibers from the centrioles attach to the centromeres
Chromatin coils up (shortens) into chromosomes

26. Prophase

27. Metaphase Chromosomes line up across center (equator) of cell
Shortest
Chromosomes line up across center (equator) of cell
Spindle fibers from centromere to centrioles

28. Metaphase
Chromosome
Centriole
Spindle Fiber

29. Anaphase Sister Chromatids split at Centromere
Individual Chromosomes move toward poles
Chromatid pairs from each chromosome separate from each other
Chromatids are pulled apart by the shortening of the microtubules in the spindle fibers

30. Anaphase

31. Telophase Spindle fibers breakdown Chromosomes uncoil into Chromatin
Final Phase
Spindle fibers breakdown
Chromosomes uncoil into Chromatin
Nuclear envelope (membrane) reforms
Nucleolus becomes visible
Chromosome reach the ends of the cell
The centrioles double
The cytoplasm is divided

32. Telophase

33. Mitosis in Whitefish and Onion

34. Cytokinesis
The process by which the cytoplasm divides, forming two new cells.

35. Cytokinesis
Animals
Cell membrane
pinches inward
Plants
Cell plate

36. Result of Mitosis
Two cells that are identical to each other.

37. Cell Theory Developed by Robert Hooke Came up with the name cells
Encouraged other scientists to look for cells in their research
Cell theory is made up of three main ideas:

38. Cell Theory All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Most organisms are multicellular
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms
All cell arise from existing cells
Cell theory states that a cell divides to form two identical cells

39. Cancer

40. “When Cell Division Goes Bad”
Cancer
“When Cell Division Goes Bad”

52. Cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth creating a malignant tumor

53. Tumor
A growth from a single mutated cell that has repeatedly undergone cell division

54. Malignant
A tumor that invades surrounding tissue and spreads to other parts of the body

55. Benign
A tumor that does not invade surrounding tissues and does not spread

56. Metastasize
The spread of cancer from the place of origin throughout the body
The cancer migrates and invades tissues

57. Causes of Cancer Heredity -- Breast Cancer, Retinoblastoma
Changes in enzymes production
Carcinogens -- environmental agent
Tobacco (smoke and smokeless), saccharin, pesticides, herbicides, asbestos, benzene, water polution
Radiation -- UV light, X-rays, nuclear bombs
Viruses -- papillomavirus

58. Types of Cancer
Breast
Lung
Prostate
Colon/Rectum
Bladder
Lymphoma

59. Types of Cancer Uterus Skin (melanoma) Oral Cancer Leukemia Pancreas
Ovary
Testicular

60. Treatments for Cancer
Surgery -- the actual removal of the tumor and other infected areas
Chemotherapy -- the use of a drug to selectively kill off cancer cells
Radiation -- mutating the dividing cells to stop them from dividing

61. Prevention Low fat diet High fiber diet Vitamins and minerals
Daily Exercise
Not using tobacco