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Approaches.

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1 Approaches

2 Chapter : Approaches Checklist Origins Behaviourism SLT
Cognitive approach Biological approach Psychodynamic Humanistic Comparison

3 Origins of Psychology AO1
Wundt Emergence of psychology as a science Watson Scientific Approach .

4 Origins of Psychology AO1
Wundt’s lab Leipzig Germany 1879 Introspection and structuralism Controlled Methods Controlled recording, same stimulus and standardised instructions. Emergence of psychology as a science Watson and the early Behaviourists Introspection was too subjective and focused on ‘private’ processes. True science is observed and measured. Scientific Approach Rigorous lab experiments and experimental methods. Cognitive used inferences and biological used fMRI and EEGs.

5 More Origins AO1 Timeline John Locke’s Tabsula Rasa
Rene Descartes Dualism ‘I think therefore I am’ Darwin’s theory of evolution and Personhood William James Pragmatism & Fuctionalism Determinism & Free will Timeline 17th-19th Century experimental Wundt 1878 Freud’s psychoanalysis 1900s Watson 1913 Humanistic 1950s Cognitive & SLT 1960s Biological 1980s to present Cognitive Neuroscience to present

6 Behaviourism (1913) AO1 Assumption Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov
Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner

7 Behaviourism (1913) AO1 Assumption: Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov
Control & Objectivity Animals can replace humans Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov Food (UCS) = salivate (UCR) Food (UCS) + bell (NS) = salivate (UCR) Bell (CS) = salivate (CR) Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner Learning through reinforcement and consequences. Positive, Negative and Punishment. Variable ratio prevents extinction.

8 Evaluation AO3 Scientific Credibility Real life application
Machine Reductionism Environmental Determinism Ethical issues

9 Evaluation AO3 Scientific Credibility Real life application
Emphasis on control and replication brought about the language of psychology as science. Real life application Token economy systems, treatment of phobias that require less insight than CBT. Machine Reductionism Humans are just passive responders to environment which isn’t true as shown in SLT and cognitive. Environmental Determinism Free will is just in illusion, actions are sum of reinforcement history. Ethical issues Animals under high stress so unnatural

10 Social learning theory (1960s) AO1
Assumption: Vicarious Reinforcement Mediational Processes ARMM Identification

11 Social learning theory (1960s) AO1
Assumption: learning indirect and direct Learn through imitation Vicarious Reinforcement Learning through observation – rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated better of reinforced Mediational Processes ARMM 1)Attention 2)Retention 3)Motor rep 4)motivation 1+2 about learning 3+4 about performance. Identification Process of modelling Due to similarities, status etc

12 Evaluation AO3 Importance of Cognition Over reliance on labs
Importance of biological aspects Explains cultural relativism Less deterministic

13 Evaluation AO3 Importance of Cognition Without observation learning would be dangerous. ”Learning would be exceedingly...” Albert Bandura Over reliance on labs Demand characterisitics, children act accordingly to what they think is right. Importance of biological aspects Boys have more testorone hence more aggressive. Explains cultural relativism Explains how children learn and cultural variety. Less deterministic Reciprocal determinism i.e. we influence are environment.

14 Cognitive Approach (1960s) AO1
Assumptions Theoretical model Computer model Schemas Neuroscience

15 Cognitive Approach (1960s) AO1
Assumptions: Internal processes should be studied Use of inference and dualistic Theoretical model Input -> stored -> output, similar to MSM. Computer model Brain is similar to coding systems and formats. Schemas Packets of info which act as frame so shortcuts Babies have motor schema and develop w/time. Neuroscience 1860 Paul Broca -> impaired speech production Tulving et al & Braver et al

16 EvaLuation AO3 Scientific methods Machine reductionism Everyday value
Real life application Soft determinism

17 EvaLuation AO3 Scientific methods Machine reductionism Everyday value
Accurate and reliable therefore less bias. Machine reductionism Comparison to computer implies we lack emotion which isn’t true since anxiety affects EWT. Everyday value Inferences are too abstract and theoretical. Artificial stimuli so lack external validity. Real life application Development of AI Belleville et al Soft determinism We’re are free to act and have some influence within set boundaries.

18 Biological Approach (1980s) AO1
Assumption: Genetic Basis Genotype and Phenotype Evolution and behaviour

19 Biological Approach (1980s) AO1
Assumption: “Everything psychological...” Rejects dualism, there’s a physical basis Genetic Basis Can intelligence be inherited Twin studies, concordance, MZ 100% and DZ 50% Genotype and Phenotype Evolution and behaviour Natural selection Similar to breeding programmes

20 Evaluation AO3 Scientific methods Real life application
Causal Conclusion Can’t separate nature and nurture Deterministic

21 Evaluation AO3 Scientific methods Real life application
Use of twin studies, fMRI and EEGs increase accuracy reducing bias Real life application Treatment of disorders with psychoactive drugs e.g. for depression Non-disruptive treatment Causal Conclusion There’s only a correlation, it’s never as easy as taking paracetamol. Can’t separate nature and nurture Confounding variable i.e. upbringing Deterministic Criminal gene

22 Biopsychology: Nervous system AO1
Describe Cental Nervous system Peripheral Nervous system

23 Biopsychology: Nervous system AO1
Collects, processes, formats, co-ordinates organs. Cental Nervous system Brain, cerebal cortex (conscious) Spine is extension for reflexes Peripheral Nervous system Autonomic: vital functions Divided into sympathetic & parasympathetic Somantic: muscle/sense

24 Endocrine system AO1 Describe Fight or flight

25 Endocrine system AO1 Fight or flight Slow, widespread and powerful.
Travel in bloodstream. Master gland is Pituitary E.g. Thyroid -> thyroxine -> heart rate. Fight or flight 1) Stressor 2) Parasympathetic - sympathetic 3) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 4) Adrenline into blood 5) Fight or flight 6) Parasympathetic branch takes over

26 Neurons AO1 Types Structure Electrical transmission

27 Neurons AO1 Types Structure Electrical transmission
Sensory: Long dendrites, short axons Relay: Short dendrites and axons Motor: Short dendrites, long axons Structure -Cell body -Nucleus -dendrites -axon -myelin sheath -Node of Ranvier -terminal buttons. Electrical transmission Resting state is negative When neuron activated it causes cell to become positive creating an action potential

28 Synaptic Transmission AO1
Describe Transmission Excitation and inhibitions

29 Synaptic Transmission AO1
Communicate in neural networks Synapse is junction between neuron Transmission 1) Released neurons travel from presynaptic vesicles 2) Cross synapse 3) Taken up by postynaptic receptor site 4) Converted into impulse and continues 5) Reuptake (specific) Excitation and inhibitions Excitatory: increase chance of action potential Inhibitory: decrease chance of action potential

30 Psychodynamic Approach (1900s) AO1
Role of unconscious Structure of personality Psychosexual stages: Oedipus & Electra Complex

31 Psychodynamic Approach (1900s) AO1
Role of unconscious Contains repressed memories i.e. neuroses Preconscious and conscious Freudian Slips or Parapraxes Structure of personality The Id: pleasure, libido (2yrs) The Ego: reality principle, eros (5-10yrs) The Superego: morality principle (10yrs onwards) Psychosexual stages: Oedipus & Electra Complex any conflicts will lead to fixation Oral 0-1 Mouth-breast -> smoking, nail bites, sarcastic Anal 1-3 Anus-withholding-> retent-perfect/expulse-dense Phallic 3-5 genital-complex-> reckless, narcissitic, homo Latency earlier conflicts are repressed Genital desires become conscious-> prob w/hetero...ship

32 Evaluation AO3 Explanatory power Case study method Untestable concepts
Practical application Psychic determinism

33 Evaluation AO3 Explanatory power Case study method
Used to explain personality development, abnormal behaviours, moral and gender. Link w/child experiences and relations with parents. Case study method Can’t make universal claims based on small studies. Subjective bias Untestable concepts Karl Popper pseudoscience Practical application Psychoanalysis Psychic determinism Unconscious is in control

34 Humanistic Approach (1950s) AO1
Free will Self actualisation The self, congruence and conditions of worth

35 Humanistic Approach (1950s) AO1
Free will Self determining, no influence by forces. Rejects science since all unique. Self actualisation Innate tendency to achieve. personal growth. Not everyone will achieve it. The self, congruence and conditions of worth Concept = congruence. Client centred therapy. Explained by unconditional positive regard. Conditioned love is bad

36 Evaluation AO3 Not reductionist Limited application Positive approach
Untestable concepts Cultural bias

37 Evaluation AO3 Not reductionist Limited application Positive approach
Rejects attempts to reduce Holistic i.e. considering whole More validity Limited application Good for therapy, not as a discipline Positive approach Promote happiness Untestable concepts Abstract and non experimental Cultural bias More individualistic

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