1. Antebellum Reform Movements
A New Wave of Reform Before the Civil War

2. Bell Ringer February 8, 2017
On a sheet of paper, list 3 things you would like to change about Springville High School and why.
On that same sheet of paper, list 3 things you would like to change about the city of Springville, St. Clair County, the state of Alabama, or the United States and why.

3. CHANGE YOUR REALMS OF CHANGE: *RELIGIOUS CHANGE *ABOLITION CHANGE
SOCIAL CHANGE
*ARTISTIC CHANGE
*WOMEN’S RIGHTS CHANGE
*EDUCATIONAL CHANGE
*JACKSONIAN POLITICAL CHANGE
EACH OF THESE CHANGES AFFECTED THE NEW COUNTRY.

4. Reasons for Reform
Women’s Rights – against the Cult of True Womanhood / Domesticity–
Barbara Welter – Women were supposed to be
Pious
Purity
Submission
Domesticity
Fear of rapid change (urbanization, industrialization, immigration…)
Desire to return to a less materialistic (money and “thing” centered) lifestyle
Religious fervor – “When things are wrong with society or there is progress, turn to GOD!”

5. RELIGIOUS REFORMS

6. Second Great Awakening
Renewed interest in religion – why?
Traveling (itinerant) preachers
Religious revivals
Focus on emotion
Idea that anyone could be saved, anyone could preach
Participation of many social groups (African-Americans, women, slaves, etc.)
Influenced by Alex de Tocqueville’s – Democracy in America
“…. there is no country in the world where the Christian religion retains a greater influence over the souls of men than in America; and there can be no greater proof of its utility and of its conformity to human nature than that its influence is powerfully felt over the most enlightened and free nation of the earth.”

7. Camp Meetings
Multi-denominational gatherings that demonstrate fanatical fervor about God
Fiery speakers taught that the return of Jesus was imminent
Speakers were not college educated and opposed the orthodox customs – why? Popularity?
Methodism – fastest growing denomination 1800 – 70, – over 1 million
Charles G. Finney – Father of American Revivalism

8. New York “Burned – over District” “Burned – over District”
Charles Finney, the father of American revivalism, who explained in the 1870′s that the region had seen so many revivals in the previous decades that it no longer had any more “fuel” (the unconverted) to “burn” (convert).
Western New York
Welcomed women into active public life in the church
Rejected Pre-destination; human effort in salvation
“Burned – over District”
Charles Finney, the father of American revivalism, who explained in the 1870′s that the region had seen so many revivals in the previous decades that it no longer had any more “fuel” (the unconverted) to “burn” (convert).
Western New York
Welcomed women into active public life in the church
Rejected Pre-destination; human effort in salvation

9. Millerites / Miller William Miller
predicted on the basis of Daniel 8:14–16 and the "day-year principle" that Jesus Christ would return to Earth between the spring of 1843 and the spring of 1844.
In the summer of 1844, Millerites came to believe that Jesus would return on October 22, 1844, understood to be the biblical Day of Atonement for that year.
When this did not happen (an event known as the "Great Disappointment"), most of his followers disbanded and returned to their original churches.
Some kept changing interpretations of Christ’s return

10. Sabbatarianism Observance of Sunday as a non-worship day
Seventh Day Sabbatarianism
Seventh-Day Adventist
Church of God (Seventh Day)
First Day Sabbatarianism – Sabbath is day of worship and rest
Most Christian churches
Baptists / Episcopalians / Presbyterians / Methodists – etc
Non Sabbatarianism –
Catholic / Orthodox

11. Religious Sects Unitarians Universalists
God as ONE person – contrast with Trinitarians (God as 3 persons)
Jesus was a Prophet not necessarily the Son of God as a God
Did not believe in the concept of “original sin” – that man was inherently sinful from the dawn of time
No belief in Hell
Living truth is much more important than national, cultural, or religious boundaries
All religions are true and are therefore worthy of dignity and respect
Uphold principles, ethics, and actions that promote living right

12. Mormonism
Joseph Smith grew up in the “Burned Over District” in NY and continued to question traditional religious customs and orthodoxy
Angel led him to interpret a book of revelation and – Book of Mormon
Seen by his followers as a prophet
Belief that Jesus and God are two separate beings – differed from orthodox Christianity – Trinitarianism
Persecuted because of polygamy – moved the church to Illinois – Joseph Smith killed
Brigham Young moves the church and followers to UTAH

13. Religious Utopian Societies
Often wanted to bring the kingdom of heaven into reality on earth

14. Oneida in New York Founded by John Humphrey Noyes
Believed in equality of men and women
Practices
Broad sense of family (not just nuclear)
Complex marriage and communal child-rearing
Birth control through male continence & ascending fellowship (older people with younger)
Stirpiculture- selective breeding to produce “better” offspring
How might this have been liberating for women? How might it have been oppressive? Downfall?

15. The existing marriage system was unsatisfactory, he
concluded: "The law of marriage worketh wrath”.
Unrealistic and unnatural restrictions were being placed on relations between the sexes.
In marriage, women were held in a form of slave-like
domestic bondage, while their husbands toiled away in an
uncertain and highly competitive external world.
Romantic love and the monogamous family merely accentuated the disruptive individualism present in other areas of society.
Most serious of all, men acted as though they owned their wives, as though their wives were a form of property. Noyes felt, instead, that sexual and emotional exclusiveness between the sexes should be done away with.

16. Women
formally freed to participate in almost all aspects of Community involvement
religious, economic, and social life
Contrast
Fewer restrictions in commune that they faced in the outside world.

17. New Harmony in Indiana
Goal – a planned environment will improve social behavior and misery will eventually banish
Based on SOCIALISM / COLLECTIVISM and COMMUNISM
Equal distribution of wealth
Cooperation NOT Competition

18. Brook Farm in Massachusetts
Inspired by TRANSCENDENTALISM
Founded near Boston by George Ripley
Agricultural & Education – also promised a share of profits
Goal – balance leisure and work
Founded for people to personally connect with divinity (God) rather than participate in organized ritualistic religion
Intellectuals such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Nathaniel Hawthorne

19. Shakers Founded by Mother Ann Lee
Sex was the main cause of EVIL in the world
Give up all sexual relations
Named because of convulsive dances
Isolationist communities based of separation of genders and equality
Population growth due to converts and adoption of orphans

20. Intellectual Reforms / Movements
American Authors / writers discuss American themes rather that British themes
Penny press - were cheap, tabloid-style papers produced in the middle of the 19th century
Political discussion based on interviews

21. Transcendentalists Romantic movement, early 1800s Protest movement
Emphasized importance of individual, natural simplicity, spiritual renewal
Belief that people could transcend (rise above) material things in life
Emerson- Self Reliance -- rely on oneself instead of new technology / commune with nature
Henry David Thoreau- Walden (about his time living in the woods, getting away from technology, big cities), Discourse on Civil Disobedience -- Non-violent PROTEST – future influence??
why pay taxes to a government who supports slavery??

22. Emily Dickinson Poem
“Some keep the Sabbath going to church;
I keep it staying at home,
With a bobolink (bird) for a chorister (choir),
And an orchard for a dome.”
How does this reflect the themes of transcendentalism?

23. Literary Reform / Change
Emily Dickinson – emotional poetry
James Fennimore Cooper – The Last of the Mohicans – American Historical Fiction
Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter
Walt Whitman – Leaves of Grass
Edgar Allan Poe – The Raven
American authors writing distinctly American stories and poems about American culture

24. Romanticism
Romanticism – movement against aristocracy and political and social norms and to institute EMOTION into art
Emphasis on horror, awe, and the sublimity of nature

25. Hudson River School
Philosophy or “school” of thought – People sharing ideas about ART
Artists painting or depicting distinctly American landscapes, figures, CULTURE!!!
Thomas Cole / Asher Durant
mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by Romanticism

26. Other Reform Movements
Temperance (persuade people to temper or limit alcohol consumption)
Education- Horace Mann, common schools, uniform curriculum & teacher training, bigger impact in the North.
Mentally ILL- Dorothea Dix; advocated better treatment, separation of criminals, mentally ill
Prisons- try to rehabilitate, penitentiary new institution
Abolitionism – attempt to rid the South of slavery
Women’s Rights – attempt to gain the right to vote

27. Temperance Movement
By 1830, Americans were drinking 7 gallons of alcohol per person, per year on average
Men spent too much $$$, avoided their families, and beat their wives (domestic violence)
Lyman Beecher and Protestant churches formed Temperance societies
Economic PANIC of 1837 caused workers to question their drinking habits
Women’s Christian Temperance Union – protest organization that pushes for legalizing morality (outlawing drinking)

28. Temperance

29. “The Bar of Destruction” Thomas Nast Original Date: March 21, 1874
In this sobering scene, cartoonist Thomas Nast conveys the seriousness of the temperance issue in nineteenth-century America and, in particular, the perspective of the Women’s Crusade against saloons, which spread across the nation in , culminating in the establishment of the Womanﾕs Christian Temperance Union.The temperance movement originated in the 1820s to lower the prevalent use of alcohol by Americans. From 1800 to 1830, the annual per capita consumption of alcohol rose to its highest level in American history (three times higher than today’s rate), most of which was hard liquor, such as whiskey and rum, consumed undiluted. The situation prompted one historian to label the period as the "alcoholic republic."Modeling their crusade after religious revivals, temperance advocates used moral suasion to reform problem drinkers. Some reformers also began to lobby for the regulation or prohibition of alcohol. In the early 1850s, 13 states banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol, but most of these poorly drafted laws were struck down by state courts. Nevertheless, between 1830 and 1860, temperance agitation led to a dramatic reduction in Americans’ per capita consumption of alcohol and a switch to lighter beverages, most notably beer (partly due to the influx of German immigrants).The Civil War interrupted temperance reform efforts and enhanced the liquor industry. Congress, state legislatures, and city councils implicitly sanctioned the liquor industry when wartime tax policies tapped alcohol distillers and retailers as a good source of government revenue. Various brewers’ associations organized to negotiate with the government and to influence public policy. The war also encouraged drinking as an integral part of male culture, removed from women and families.After the war, membership in temperance societies grew at an impressive rate; the membership of the Independent Order of Good Templars rose from 60,000 in 1865 to 400,000 in While most temperance advocates were Republicans, party leaders tried to distance themselves from the contentious issue. Democratic politicians, with large Irish and German constituencies, opposed prohibition legislation as an illegitimate government encroachment on personal liberty. Dissatisfied with the two major parties, a group of temperance advocates formed the Prohibition party in It attracted only a tiny (though growing) number of voters, but sometimes played the spoiler in the evenly-matched party politics of the late-nineteenth century. Some historians peg the Prohibition party as the deciding balance of power in the extremely close presidential election of 1884.Along with temperance societies, the retail liquor industry experienced a post-war boom. The number of liquor dealers expanded by over 17% annually from 1864 to 1873, compared to a 2.6% annual increase in the nation’s population. Critical attention focused on saloons, which encouraged overindulgence with inducements like free lunches with drink purchases, a free round to the day’s first customers, and free alcohol to underage drinkers. The saloon was an almost exclusively male space, full of booze, cigars, spittoons, paintings of nude or scantily-clad women, and (in the low-grade joints) prostitutes. Especially to women temperance advocates, the saloon became a symbol of the moral corruption of husbands, fathers, and sons through alcoholism. The saloons enticed men away from their families and their jobs, making them irresponsible and abusive.Dio Lewis, a longtime temperance lecturer, had been giving a speech for twenty years which included a story about how, in the 1830s, his mother and her female friends had closed down five saloons in their small town by confronting the owners in their businesses with hymns, prayers, and pleas. In December 1873, Lewis’s oration inspired some Ohio women to take action. The Women’s Crusade of soon spread to over 900 communities in 31 states, with over 140,000 women taking part. Ohio remained the most active state, with one-third of the crusades, but New York, Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana were each the site of at least 60 crusades.At a typical crusade, male supporters prayed and rang church bells, while scores of women descended upon the saloons, where, either inside or outside the doors, they followed the pattern of prayer, song, and exhortation to temperance. Two weeks before this cartoon appears, a Nast cover-cartoon for the March 7 issue symbolizes the Women’s Crusade as Joan of Arc bravely battling Demon Rum. In the same issue, editor George William Curtis, an opponent of prohibition laws, is nonetheless sympathetic to the temperance crusade. The movement’s driving force, he asserts, is "the inexpressible and far-reaching sorrow of suffering women."The Women’s Crusade had some success in closing a number of saloons, especially in small towns were temperance reform already had significant backing. The enthusiasm of the grass-roots movement carried over into the formation of the Womanﾕs Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in November Unlike the Woman’s Crusade from which it emerged, the WCTU did not rely merely on moral suasion, but kept alcohol regulation and prohibition on the nation’s political agenda until the 1919 ratification of the 18th Amendment, banning the manufacture, transport, and sale of intoxicating beverages.In Nast’s powerful cartoon, the evils of the saloon are evidenced in the skeleton bartender dispensing drinks, the unconscious drunk on the floor, the men fighting in the backroom, and the violent graffiti on the wall. The central focus is on the well-dressed patron whose turn toward the opening door shields his identify-he could be any of the newspaper’s middle-class, adult male readers. The illustration expresses the theme of the Women’s Crusade that the male bastion of the saloon takes men away from their families. The door is a symbolic threshold between the dark immorality of the saloon and the luminous virtue of family life. Entering the saloon on a mission of rescue is the patron’s family: his innocent-faced daughter, running for her father’s affection; his son, looking concerned with furrowed brow; and his wife, weeping in a widow’s black attire. The circle of their figures is completed by the family home in direct view of the patron’s gaze.On the page following Nast’s cartoon is another full-page, temperance cartoon by Michael Angelo Woolf, "The Social Juggernaut." It features a ghostly figure riding an alcohol bottle with liquor-glass wheels, pulled by the dogs of Ruin, Despair, and Famine, and crushing people underneath it. The issue also contains an illustrated story on one of the crusades at a New York City bar; an illustrated poem "Like Father, Like Son," in which a father’s descent into alcohol dependence is mimicked by his son; and a back-page cartoon of a bottle of rum in prison for "manslaughter in the greatest degree."Robert C. Kennedy
Source:
Source:

30. Women’s Rights

31. Womens’ Rights / Seneca Falls Convention
Womens Movement –Seneca Falls Convention NY- call for suffrage- Lucretia Mott/ Elizabeth Cady Stanton / Sojourner Truth
Declaration of Sentiments – many men respected the drafting of this document but conventional thinking would not permit women the right to vote
“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal”
1900s Women’s Rights – Carrie Chapman Catt/ Susan B. Anthony – culminated in 19th Amendment (women’s suffrage in 1920)

32. Seneca Falls Convention- Lucretia Mott/ Elizabeth Cady Stanton

33. Caption: "Get Thee Behind Me, (Mrs.) Satan!”
Wife (with heavy burden). "I'd rather travel the hardest path of matrimony than follow your footsteps."
Satan: Victoria Woodhull, an advocate of women’s rights and free love, who ran for President in 1872.

This Harper's Weekly cartoon by Thomas Nast warns against the allure of the Free Love movement advocated by Victoria Woodhull.In 1872, Victoria Woodhull, the well-known advocate of Free Love and womenﾕs rights, became the first woman to be nominated for president. She ran on the Equal Rights party ticket at a time when she and other women were not legally allowed to vote. She and her sister, Tennesse Claflin, published their own newspaper, The Woodhull & Claflin Weekly.ﾊIn this cartoon, Thomas Nast depicts Woodhull as Satan incarnate for her advocacy of Free Loveﾑi.e., the rejection of marriage as an oppressive institution and the embrace of sexual freedom. The poor wife in the background spurns the temptation, despite carrying the heavy burden of children and an alcoholic husband up the steep and treacherous path of life.ﾊNear the end of the 1872 presidential campaign, Woodhull would publish allegations that the nation’s most prominent and respected clergyman, Henry Ward Beecher, had been having an affair with the wife of Woodhull's biographer, Theodore Tilton. In Woodhull’s estimation, Beecher was hypocritically preaching one tenet while living by another, even though his adultery was a far cry from Free Love. A subsequent trial over the case, which ended with a hung jury, became a sensational news story.Robert C. Kennedy
Date: February 17, 1872
Source:

34. Elizabeth Blackwell
First woman to earn a medical degree.

35. ABOLITIONISM

36. Abolitionist Movement
Abolition – Freedom from slavery
American Colonization Society – wanted free slaves then move ALL blacks to Liberia (in Africa) / didn’t work – slaves are from America
American Anti-Slavery Society ( ) – founded by Wm. Lloyd Garrison believed in IMMEDIATE abolition of the slave / slave owners are sinful / criticized the A.C.S. (above)
Lucy Stone / women’s rights / maiden name / divorce rights etc.
2 movements with regard to abolitionism –
Gradualism – gradually freeing the slaves
Immediate -

37. Abolitionism in the U.S. Pennsylvania in the late 1600’s –
Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery
Golden Rule – poses questions about why Christians felt they had the right to buy and possess slaves while professing love, forgiveness, and godliness
Slaves have the right to revolt under the Golden Rule
1st American document that makes a plea for equal human rights
Fairness and equality continues to grow in Pennsylvania and in the colonies in general
Many future Quakers are influenced by this document and continue to push for abolition of slavery
Benjamin Rush -- bitterly attacked slavery in pamphlets and newspaper articles – Pennsylvania Abolition Society
Owned slaves -- conflict

38. Pennsylvania
Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage
FIRST Abolition organization
Philadelphia
On the heels of the creation of a Black School in Philly
Pennsylvania Abolition Society
Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Rush
Crusaded to BAN the illegal slave trade
Petitioned the Constitutional Convention to ban slave trade
RESULTS
The Slave Trade Act of 1794 –
Illegal to transport slaves to another country by an American
The Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 1807
Banned the illegal slave trade in the US in 1807
No new slaves to be IMPORTED into the US
However slavery was not stopped –
VA first to pass law making slaves chattel
Encouraged slaves to marry – docile slaves would lead to greater reproductive cycles

39. Rebellions
Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion – Richmond, VA early 1800’s – he and his “team” were found out, discovered was hanged with all 28 of his followers
Denmark Vesey – led a slave rebellion as a free man (he had purchased his freedom 20 years earlier) in SC in 1822 –
he had won $1500 in a city lottery and used $600 to buy his freedom from his owner (Vesey)
Nat Turner – led a slave rebellion in Virginia 1831– killed more than 50 whites – result? Truth?
More whites in the South arm themselves, ask for a stronger Fugitive Slave Law from the federal government, began to see many slaves as potential enemies.
Turner eventually will go down in history as a martyr, just as he predicted in his “confessions” to a Virginia trial lawyer.

40. Fredrick Douglass American abolitionist, author, women’s suffragist
Wrote and published The North Star
Purchased his freedom and became an ardent abolitionist
In thinking of America, I sometimes find myself admiring her bright blue sky-her grand old woods-her fertile fields-her beautiful rivers-her mighty lakes and star-crowned mountains. But my rapture is soon checked when I remember that all is cursed with the infernal spirit of slave-holding and wrong; When I remember that with the waters of her noblest rivers, the tears of my brethren are borne to the ocean, disregarded and forgotten; That her most fertile fields drink daily of the warm blood of my outraged sisters, I am filled with unutterable loathing.”

41. Believed in IMMEDIATE ABOLITION NOT GRADUALISM
William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator
Believed in IMMEDIATE ABOLITION NOT GRADUALISM

42. Sarah and Angelina Grimke-
Abolitionists
Abolitionists who moved from South Carolina (daughters of slave owner) to the North to promote the abolitionist movement
AMERICAN ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY- END SLAVERY – HEADED BY WILLIAM LLYOD GARRISON

43. La Amistad
Because of issues of ownership and jurisdiction, the case gained international attention. Known as United States v. The Amistad (1841), the case was finally decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in favor of the Mende, restoring their freedom. It became a symbol in the United States in the movement to abolish slavery.

44. Bell Ringer February 15
Todays word is Nativism – intense dislike or Hatred toward immigrants
List and describe at least 3 instances you have witnessed in your lifetime of nativism. Can be television, politics, personal, etc.
Be prepared to share

45. Education Reform
Horace Mann- (Massachusetts) pressed for more public education and helped create a state board of education in 1837.
He was secretary of the new board – he doubled teacher salaries, opened 50 new high schools, and establish training schools for teachers.
1st State School Superintendent
Pushed TAX- SUPPORTED COMPULSORY EDUCATION

46. Dorothea Dix Led Sunday school classes for prisoners.
Saw the mentally ill in the prisons and saw how neglected they were as they lay on the floor.
Started the crusade to improve the conditions for the mentally ill- hospital.

47. Nativism – Feelings of anger and hatred toward immigrants
Know – Nothing Party – political party aimed at promoting “native” American views and ideals. Fear of Irish Catholics helped fuel this party.
Most of their program goals and aims were NOT achieved.
Wanted increased naturalization requirements.

48. Election of 1840
William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrat) LOG CABIN ELECTION
Whigs (Party formed chiefly out of dislike for Jackson – viewed him as a king)
“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” – Harrison and Tyler promoted the idea of the “common man” just as Jackson had before them (WON)
E.C. Booze – distilled hard apple cider and poured them in log cabin bottles to pass out at political functions – BOOZE

49. “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”

50. Spirit of Reform
You are to participate and find changes/ reforms in American history from in the areas listed on the prior slide. Each cooperative group have a specific area to show the reforms. Follow the flow charts in each area. Then relate these changes to the changes of today – (EX. – Changes today in the area of education. )

51. Spirit of Reform
Looking Forward: The United States in 1850 …Manifest Destiny brought western lands into the country which helped bring about sectionalism which was apart of the reforms Americans had to dealt with in society. (abolition)

52. Manifest Destiny- John O’Sullivan- caused sectionalism- how would the nation deal with the issue of slavery as it spreads westward. Painting by John Gast- The American Progress.

53. Spirit of Reforms
VOCABULARY : Standard Course of Study: reform, transcendentalism, utopia, romanticism, nativists, Second Great Awakening, abolition, emancipation.
Group activity – help one another complete the assignment – vocabulary on Jacksonian Democracy and Reforms. Work with one another in your groups to complete each term and discuss the terms while you define them…this will be graded.