1. American Red Cross: First Aid/CPR/AED
S. Norman

2. Identify and eliminate potentially hazardous conditions from environment
Recognize emergencies
Make appropriate decisions
Purpose

3. Requirements Attend and participate in all activities, skill sessions
Correctly demonstrate all required skills
Correctly answer at least 80% of the questions in each section of the written exam
First Aid/CPR/AED certification is good for 2 years
Requirements

4. Recognizing and Responding to an Emergency
What would you do?

5. By recognizing an emergency and taking immediate action to help, you give a suddenly ill or injured person the best chance for survival.
Emergencies can often be recognized because of unusual sights, appearances, behaviors, odors or noises.
Key Points

6. Overcoming Barriers to Act

7. There are many reasons why bystanders do not get involved in an emergency situation.
It is normal to feel hesitant or unsure about what to do.
Key Points

8. What barriers prevent people from getting involved?
The presence of other people may lead one to assume that someone else will get involved
Uncertainty about the person’s condition
Type of injury or illness
Fear of catching a disease
Fear of doing something wrong
Fear of being sued
Being unsure of when to call 9-1-1
What barriers prevent people from getting involved?

9. What are some ways to overcome barriers to act?
Getting trained in First Aid/CPR/AED
Training to develop the confidence to act, which enables you to take charge until more advanced help arrives
Avoiding contact with blood or body fluids by using protective barriers and following standard precautions
Being familiar with Good Samaritan laws and obtaining consent
What are some ways to overcome barriers to act?

10. HIV AND AIDS

11. AIDS is a condition caused by HIV.
When HIV infects the body, it damages the body’s immune system and impairs its ability to fight other infections.
The virus can grow quietly for months or even years.
People infected with HIV might not feel or look sick.
Eventually, the weakened immune system allows certain types of infections to develop.
This condition is known as AIDS.
People with AIDS eventually develop life-threatening infections, which can cause them to die.
Because currently there is no vaccine against HIV, prevention still is the best tool.

12. The two most likely ways for HIV to be transmitted during care would be through:
Unprotected direct contact with infected blood
Unprotected indirect contact with infected blood

13. Unprotected direct contact with infected blood.
This type of transmission could happen if infected blood or body fluids from one person enter another person’s body at a correct entry site.
For example, a responder could contract HIV if the infected person’s blood splashes in the responder’s eye or if the responder directly touches the infected person’s body fluids.
Unprotected direct contact with infected blood.

14. Unprotected indirect contact with infected blood
This type of transmission could happen if a person touches an object that contains the blood or other body fluids of an infected person, and that infected blood or other body fluid enters the body through a correct entry site.
For example, HIV could be transmitted if a responder picks up a blood-soaked bandage with a bare hand and the infected blood enters the responder’s hand through a cut in the skin.
Unprotected indirect contact with infected blood

15. The virus cannot enter through the skin unless there is a cut or break in the skin.
Even then, the possibility of infection is very low unless there is direct contact for a lengthy period of time.
Saliva is not known to transmit HIV.
The likelihood of HIV transmission during a first aid situation is very low.
Always give care in ways that protect you and the person from disease transmission.
HIV AND AIDS

16. Good Samaritan Laws and Obtaining Consent

17. What does it mean to be a Good Samaritan?
Voluntarily give emergency care without accepting anything in return
Protection from legal liability as long as you—
Act in good faith
Are not negligent
Act within the scope of your training
What does it mean to be a Good Samaritan?

18. You must obtain permission to help an ill or injured person
If a person refuses care, at least call 9-1-1
If a person is unconscious, confused, or seriously ill and unable to grant consent, consent is implied
If the person is a minor, get consent from parent/guardian.
No parent/guardian present, implied consent
Obtaining Consent

19. To obtain consent: State your name
Tell the person you are trained in first aid
Ask the person if you can help
Explain what you think may be wrong
Explain what you plan to do
To obtain consent:

20. Preventing Disease Transmission

21. Key Points Avoid contact with— Use protective equipment, such as—
blood
body fluids
Use protective equipment, such as—
Disposable gloves
CPR breathing barriers
Wash your hands immediately after care
Key Points

22. REMOVING GLOVES
Demonstration and Practice

23. PINCH GLOVE
Pinch the palm side of one glove near the wrist.
Carefully pull the glove off so that it is inside out.

24. SLIP TWO FINGERS UNDER GLOVE
Hold the glove in the palm of the remaining gloved hand. Slip two fingers under the glove at the wrist of the remaining gloved hand.

25. PULL GLOVE OFF
Pull the glove until it comes off, inside out, so that the first glove ends up inside the glove just removed.

26. DISPOSE OF GLOVES AND WASH HANDS
After removing the gloves:
■ Dispose of gloves in the appropriate biohazard container.
■ Wash hands thoroughly with soap and warm running water, if available.
■ Otherwise, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer to clean the hands if they are not visibly soiled.

27. Emergency Action Steps
Check—Call—Care

28. CHECK the scene for safety, then check the person for life-threatening conditions
CALL 9-1-1
CARE for the ill or injured person
Check—Call—Care

29. Life-threatening conditions
Unconsciousness
Not breathing or having trouble breathing
Choking
Persistent chest pain
No signs of life (normal breathing/movement)
Severe bleeding
Severe burns
Shock
Seizures (that recur, last >5 minutes, result from injury, involve someone pregnant, diabetic, or a person that fails to regain consciousness after a seizure)
Life-threatening conditions

30. Checking a Conscious Adult

31. Key Points Adult—someone who is about 12 years of age or older
After checking the scene, you should check the adult first for life-threatening conditions
Obtain consent to give care
A head-to-toe examination should be done to check a conscious adult
Care for the person based on the conditions found
Take steps to minimize shock
Key Points

32. Shock is a life-threatening condition in which not enough blood is being delivered to all parts of the body and can result from injury or illness
What is shock?

33. Shock is likely to develop after any serious injury or illness including severe bleeding, serious internal injury, significant fluid loss, or other conditions
A person showing signals of shock needs immediate medical attention
Body systems and organs begin to fail
The goals of first aid are to get help quickly and give care to minimize shock while caring for the illness or injury
Key Points

34. Checking an Unconscious Adult

35. Checking the ABCs A stands for airway B stands for breathing
C stands for circulation and severe bleeding
Checking the ABCs

36. H.A.IN.E.S. High Arm IN Endangered Spine
If a person is unconscious but breathing normally, that person should not be moved from a face-up position
If you must leave the person alone or you cannot maintain an open and clear airway because of fluids or vomit, place the person in a modified H.A.IN.E.S. recovery position
This position will keep the airway open and clear
H.A.IN.E.S. High Arm IN Endangered Spine

37. Cardiac emergencies

38. When a heart muscle is damaged from a lack of oxygen and blood supply by either disease or trauma
A heart attack can eventually lead to cardiac arrest, a condition in which the heart stops functioning altogether
What is a heart attack?

40. Persistent chest pain or pressure (a primary signal of a heart attack) that lasts longer than 3-5 minutes or goes away and comes back
Chest pain spreading to the shoulders, neck, jaw, or arms
Shortness of breath or trouble breathing
Nausea or vomiting
Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting
Pale, ashen (grayish), or bluish skin
Sweating
Signs of a heart attack

41. A person having a heart attack may deny that he or she has any signals
Both men and women experience the most common heart attack signal, which is chest pain or discomfort.
Women are somewhat more likely to experience some of the other warning signals, particularly shortness of breath, nausea/vomiting, and back or jaw pain
Women also tend to delay telling others about their signals to avoid bothering or worrying others
Heart Attack Facts

42. Cardiac Chain of Survival
Early recognition and early access
The sooner is called, the sooner EMS personnel will take over
Early CPR
Early CPR helps circulate blood that contains oxygen to the vital organs until an AED is ready to use or advanced medical personnel arrive
Cardiac Chain of Survival

43. Cardiac Chain of Survival
Early defibrillation
Most victims of sudden cardiac arrest need an electric shock call defibrillation, which may help restore an effective heart rhythm
Each minute that defibrillation is delayed reduces the chance of survival by about 10%
Early advanced medical care
EMS personnel provide more advanced medical care and transport the person to a hospital
Cardiac Chain of Survival

44. CPR for Adults

45. CPR—Adult

46. CPR—Adult

47. CPR—Adult

48. CPR—Adult

49. CPR—Adult

50. Do Not Stop
Continue cycles of CPR except in one of these situations:
You find an obvious sign of life, such as breathing
An AED is ready to use
EMS personnel take over
You are too exhausted to continue
The scene becomes unsafe
CPR—Adult

51. Hands-Only CPR

52. AED

53. The Heart’s Electrical System

54. When the heart suddenly fails
If the heart is damaged by disease or injury, its electrical system can be disrupted
Causes abnormal heart rhythm that can stop the blood from circulating
Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)—occurs when the ventricles quiver, or fibrillate, without any organized rhythm
Electrical impulses fire at random creating chaos and preventing the heart from pumping and circulating blood
The person may suddenly collapse unconscious and stop breathing
When the heart suddenly fails

55. AED

56. AED—Precautions Do not use alcohol to wipe the person’s chest dry
Do not touch the person while the AED is analyzing
Do not touch the person while the device is defibrillating
Do not defibrillate someone when around flammable or combustible materials
Do not use an AED in a moving vehicle
Do not use an AED on a person that is in contact with water
Do not use an AED on a person wearing a medical patch on the chest
Do not use a mobile phone or radio within 6 feet of the AED
AED—Precautions

57. Breathing Emergencies

59. Causes Choking—partial or complete obstruction Illness
Chronic conditions (asthma)
Electrocution
Irregular heartbeat
Heart attack
Injury to the head or brain stem, chest, lungs or abdomen
Allergic reactions
Drug overdose
Poisoning
Emotional distress
drowning
Causes

60. Signals of breathing emergencies
Trouble breathing or no breathing
Slow or rapid breathing
Unusually deep or shallow breathing
Gasping for breath
Wheezing, gurgling, or making high-pitched noises
Unusually moist or cool skin
Flushed, pale, ashen, or bluish skin
Shortness of breath
Dizziness or light-headedness
Pain in the chest or tingling in hands, feet, or lips
Apprehensive or fearful feelings
Signals of breathing emergencies

61. Causes of Choking in Adults
Trying to swallow large pieces of poorly chewed food
Drinking alcohol before or during meals
Wearing dentures
Eating while talking excitedly or laughing, or eating too fast
Walking, playing, or running with food or objects in the mouth
Causes of Choking in Adults

62. Signals of choking Coughing, either forcefully or weakly
Clutching the throat with one or both hands
Inability to cough, speak, cry, or breathe
Making high-pitched noises while inhaling or noisy breathing
Panic
Bluish skin color
Losing consciousness if blockage is not removed
Signals of choking

63. Conscious Choking—Adult

64. Special Situations

65. Unconscious Choking—Adult
If the chest does not rise with rescue breaths, retilt the head and give another rescue breath
If the chest still does not rise, give 30 chest compressions
Look for and remove object if seen
Give 2 rescue breaths
If the chest still does not rise, continue compressions
If chest clearly rises, CHECK for breathing and give CARE based on conditions found
Unconscious Choking—Adult