1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt, 1632
Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D November 2013 TUESDAY

2. . INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
ATOMS
MOLECULES

3. Trillions of the cells in the human body
. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
Trillions of the cells in the human body

4. . INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
Tissues

5. . INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
78 organs in the body

6. . INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
9 -13 systems

7. . INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
HUMAN BODY

8. Systems in the body 1. Skeletal System 2. Articular system
3. Muscular System
4. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
5. Respiratory System
6. Digestive (Alimentary) System
7. Urinary (Excretory) System
8. Reproductive (Genital) System
9. Endocrine System
10.Nervous system
11.Integumentary system
Locomotor system

9. LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

10. None of the systems functions
LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
None of the systems functions
in isolation.
passive skeletal & articular systems
active muscular system
collectively constitute a supersystem
locomotor system
must work together to produce locomotion of the body.

11. LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM brain and nerves of the nervous system
stimulate them to act.
arteries and veins of the circulatory system
supply oxygen and nutrients
remove waste from these structures.
sensory organs (especially vision and equilibrium)
play important roles in directing their activities.

12. Skeletal System Bones are organs, and along with the cartilages
bones and cartilages
Bones are organs, and along with the cartilages
form the skeletal system.

13. Skeletal System
bones and cartilages
For parts of the human body, other organs, muscles, vessels, etc. a framework is required.
The sketetal system actually provides this framework
for the body with its strong composure.

14. Skeletal System Provides our basic shape. Supports the soft tissues
Vital for the movement.
Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments, tendons, fascia, and muscle.

15. Skeletal System
PROTECTION

16. protects the brain which resides within itself.
Cranium (Skull)
skeleton of the head
protects the brain which resides within itself.

17. Vertebral column In an adult typically consists of 33 vertebrae
protects the spinal cord
In an adult typically consists of 33 vertebrae
arranged in 5 regions
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacral vertebrae
4 coccygeal vertebrae

18. The thoracic skeleton forms a framework to protect two vital organs;
Thorax
part of the body between the neck and abdomen
The thoracic skeleton forms a framework to protect two vital organs;
the heart and the lungs.

19. Pelvis The bones of the pelvis Right and left pelvic (hip) bones
Sacrum
Coccyx

20. Pelvis Pelvic skeleton protects
lower part of the digestive system and urinary system
reproductive system.

21. joints & their associated ligaments
Articular system
joints & their associated ligaments
Joints & ligaments connect the bony parts of the skeletal system and provide the sites at which movements occur.

22. Muscular System 3 types of muscles FXN APPEARANCE LOCATION
controlled voluntarily or involuntarily, whether they appear
APPEARANCE
striated (striped) or smooth
LOCATION
associated with the body wall (somatic),
or with organs and blood vessels (visceral)

23. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
transports fluids throughout the body.
the heart and blood vessels make up the blood transportation network, the cardiovascular system.

24. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
Heart pumps blood throughout the body
Blood vessels, closed network of tubes, transport the blood.
3 types of blood vessels
Arteries transport blood away from the heart.
Veins transport blood toward the heart.
Capillaries connect the arteries and veins.
where oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged within the tissues.

25. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
Arteries in 3 classes
According to;
Amount of smooth muscles & elastic tunica media
Size of the vessel
Its function
1.Large
elastic arteries
2.Medium
muscular arteries
3.Small arteries and arterioles

26. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
The main artery in the body aorta.
Arteries have also branches themselves.

27. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
Blood flow in arteries
Blood flow in veins

28. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
Arteries have branches
Arteries from the artery
Veins have tributaries
Veins drain into veins
Some arteries divided into part by distinct muscles!
maxillary artery

29. a network of lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic system
a network of lymphatic vessels
These vessels take the excess tissue fluid lymph
from the body's intercellular fluid compartment
returns it to the bloodstream.

30. Respiratory System air passages & lungs supply oxygen to the blood
eliminate carbon dioxide from it.

31. Respiratory System Upper respiratory tract Nose-Pharynx-Larynx
Lower respiratory tract
Respiratory organs of the thorax
The lower respiratory tract fills most of the thorax.

32. THORAX superior thoracic aperture superiorly
irregularly shaped cylinder
superior thoracic aperture superiorly
inferior thoracic aperture inferiorly.
Superior thoracic aperture open, allowing continuity with the neck
Inferior thoracic aperture closed
by the diaphragm.

33. DIAPHRAGM important muscle for respiration
forms a section between thorax and abdomen.

34. Digestive (Alimentary) System Abdomen Abdominal wall
bounded
superiorly
xiphoid process
third-most inferior part- of the sternum costal margins
posteriorly
vertebral column
inferiorly
upper parts of the pelvic bones

35. Urinary (Excretory) System
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra
filter blood
produce, transport, store, & intermittently excrete
urine (liquid waste)

36. Urinary (Excretory) System
The ureters descend down to the pelvis exiting from the kidneys on each side.
They enter the pelvic cavity, and continue their journey to the bladder.

37. part of the trunk inferoposterior to the abdomen
Pelvis (L.basin)
part of the trunk inferoposterior to the abdomen
area of transition between the trunk & lower limbs
Pelvic cavity
inferior most part of the abdominopelvic cavity.

38. Abdominopelvic cavity
extends superiorly into the thoracic cage
inferiorly into the pelvis
its superior and inferior parts are relatively protected.
Perforating wounds in either the thorax or the pelvis may therefore involve the abdominopelvic cavity and its contents.

39. bounded posteriorly by coccyx and inferiormost sacrum
Pelvic cavity
bounded posteriorly by coccyx and inferiormost sacrum
superior part of the sacrum
formes a roof over the posterior half of the cavity.

40. Pelvic cavity Anteroinferior wall
Bodies of the pubic bones +pubic symphysis uniting them
Posterosuperior wall & ceiling
Sacrum & Cocyx

41. Pelvic cavity contains Terminal parts of the ureters Urinary bladder
Rectum
Pelvic genital organs
Blood vessels
Lymphatics
Nerves +
an overflow of abdominal viscera

42. Reproductive (Genital) System The reproductive tracts are located
in the pelvic cavity.
between the pelvic inlet superiorly and the pelvic diaphragm inferiorly
contains
terminal parts of the urinary and digestive systems
internal genital organs
associated vascular structures
nerves supplying both the pelvis and lower limbs.

43. Endocrine System specialized structures secreting hormones
discrete ductless endocrine glands
isolated and clustered cells of the gut and blood vessel walls
specialized nerve endings.
Hormones
influence metabolism & other processes
menstrual cycle
pregnancy
parturition (giving birth)

44. NERVOUS SYSTEM

45. NERVOUS SYSTEM C.N.S. 2. P.N.S. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
brain + spinal cord
2. P.N.S.
PERIPHEREAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
consists of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS.
conduct impulses to or away from the CNS.
organized into nerves that connect the CNS with peripheral structures

46. Neuroglia- cells supporting neurons
Nerve cell Neuron
structural & functional units of the nervous system
Neuroglia- cells supporting neurons
Neurons are specialized for rapid communication.
Neuron has:
Axon carries information
Dendirites in communication with the surrounding neurons

47. A collection of neurons for doing the same function(s)
In the CNS Nucleus (pl., nuclei)
In the PNS Ganglion (pl., ganglia)

48. A nerve fiber TWO TYPES efferent fibers afferent fibers
goes down from the brain or leaves out from the spinal cord
to the periphery
carrying information to accomplish a behavior/action
afferent fibers
carries information from periphery or from spinal cord to the brain
Arc reflex

49. Somatic & Visceral Fibers
Somatic fibers
General sensory fibers
general somatic afferent [GSA] fibers
Transmit sensations from the body to the CNS.
Exteroceptive sensations from
skin pain, temperature, touch, & pressure or pain
Proprioceptive sensations from
muscles, tendons, and joints

50. Somatic & Visceral Fibers general somatic efferent [GSE] fibers
Somatic fibers
Somatic motor fibers
general somatic efferent [GSE] fibers
transmit impulses to skeletal (voluntary) muscles.

51. Visceral sensory fibers general visceral afferent [GVA] fibers
Visceral fibers
Visceral sensory fibers
general visceral afferent [GVA] fibers
transmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations
e.g. information concerning distension, blood gas, and blood pressure levels
from hollow organs and blood vessels to CNS

52. general visceral efferent [GVE] fibers
Visceral fibers
Visceral motor fibers
general visceral efferent [GVE] fibers
Transmit impulses to smooth muscles & glandular tissues.
presynaptic & postsynapti fibers
conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle or glands.
presynaptic
fibers
postsynaptic
fibers

53. Somatic Nervous System
somatic parts of the CNS & PNS
provides sensory & motor innervation to all parts of the body
(G. soma)
except viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscle, and glands
transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position
from sensory receptors
somatic motor system innervates only skeletal muscle

54. Autonomic Nervous System
visceral nervous system or visceral motor system
motor fibers that stimulate
smooth (involuntary) muscle
modified cardiac muscle
glandular (secretory) cells

55. Autonomic Nervous System

56. LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

58. cORONAL SectIon of the spInal cord

59. cORONAL SectIon of the spInal cord

60. cORONAL SectIon of the spInal cord

64. In a spinal nerve you will find:
Motor fibers
Sensory fibers
Autonomic nervous system fibers

65. CRANIAL NERVES Like spinal nerves, cranial nerves
bundles of sensory or motor fibers
innervate muscles or glands
carry impulses from sensory receptors
or a combination of motor and sensory fibers.

66. CRANIAL NERVES 12 pairs part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
pass through foramina or fissures in the cranial cavity.

67. CRANIAL NERVES
All nerves except one, the accessory nerve [XI], originate from the brain.
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which are numbered I-XII, from rostral to caudal .
Their names reflect their general distribution or function.

68. CRANIAL NERVES
carry one or more of the five main functional components.
Motor (efferent) fibers
2. Sensory (afferent) fibers
3. Fibers transmitting general sensation
e.g., touch, pressure, heat, cold, etc.
4. Fibers conveying sensation from the viscera
5. Fibers transmitting unique sensations
e.g., taste, smell

69. Motor (efferent) fibers
1. Motor fibers to voluntary (striated) muscles
include somatic motor (general somatic efferent) axons
Facial nerve (CN VII)

70. Motor (efferent) fibers
2. Motor fibers innervating involuntary muscles or glands
include visceral motor (general visceral efferent) axons
constitute cranial outflow of parasympathetic system.

71. Motor (efferent) fibers
2. Motor fibers innervating involuntary muscles or glands
Presynaptic (preganglionic) fibers emerge from the brain
synapse outside the central nervous system (CNS)
@ a parasympathetic ganglion.
Postsynaptic (postganglionic) fibers innervate smooth muscles & glands.
e.g.sphincter pupillae & lacrimal gland

72. Sensory (afferent) fibers
CRANIAL NERVES
3. Fibers transmitting general sensation
e.g., touch, pressure, heat, cold, etc.
from the skin and mucous membranes.
Include somatic sensory (general somatic afferent) fibers.

73. Integumentary system Skin is the largest organ of the body.
It consists of the epidermis and the dermis.