Timbers Learning Objectives To understand how to categorise timbers.

Timbers Learning Objectives To understand how to categorise timbers.
To understand the different working properties of a range of timbers and man made woods.

On a post-it answer as many questions as you can.
STARTER - Do Now ?? On a post-it answer as many questions as you can. What are the lines called? What is different about these trees? How would you define each? CHALLENGE: what do those lines do? Where do they come from What type of wood is this? What is its specific name? CHALLENGE: What are the names of these types of trees CHALLENGE: why has it been made in layers?

We classify woods into 3 areas.
They come from DECIDUOUS TREES (lose their leaves) Grow SLOWLY, therefore they are expensive Have a CLOSE GRAIN, therefore are HARD TO WORK They come from CONIFEROUS TREES (keep their leaves) Grow QUICKLY therefore they are cheap Have a WIDE GRAIN, therefore are EASY TO WORK They are MAN MADE From SHAVINGS and PIECES of pieces of timber COMPRESSED TOGETHER with PRESSURE and ADHESIVE Can be cut and ordered to ANY SIZE Hardwoods Softwoods Manufactured woods

You need to know these for your GCSE
Hardwoods Manufactured woods Softwoods Ash Oak Beech Mahogany Balsa MDF (medium density fibreboard) Chipboard Plywood Pine Larch Spruce TASK You have a bag of different wood samples and labels. In pairs try and match the correct sample to the correct label.

•• strength in tension, compression and shear
What do these properties mean? Complete the table with clear definitions (in full sentences). CHALLENGE: Can you give examples of woods? ••hardness •• toughness •• strength in tension, compression and shear A material's ability to resist penetration, indentation, or scratching. Oak, Beech, Mahogany is the ability of a material to withstand blows or sudden shocks without breaking Oak, Beech, Mahogany, Ash is the ability of a material to withstand a force without squashing (tension), bending (tension), splitting apart (shear) Oak, Mahogany, Ash Hardness Toughness Tension (strength) Compression (strength) Shear (strength)

TASK As we discuss the next few slide it is important for you to complete the worksheet below to evidence your understanding of timber and their properties. Remember to complete in detail and in full sentences. Wood Advantage Disadvantage Use Hardwoods Oak Ash Mahogany Beech Softwood Pine Fir Manufactured Wood MDF Plywood Chipboard Hardboard

Oak Properties: Hard, tough, durable, high density Oak is a hardwood.
In terms of size availability, what are the issues of using a hardwood? If the trees grow slowly, how does this affect its price/mechanical properties Do you think this is cheaper or more expensive than solid softwood?

Oak (HW) Properties: Hard, tough, durable, high density Uses:
High quality furniture Advantages: Finishes well Disadvantages: Grows slowly which increases its price and reduces its availability

Pine Properties: Lightweight, easy to work Pine is a softwood
Pine is a smaller tree than oak. What material size availability issues does this raise? If the tree grows quickly, how does this affect its price/mechanical properties If the grains are further apart than a hardwood – how will this affect it?

Pine (SW) Properties: Lightweight, easy to work Uses:
Constructional woodwork, floorboards, toys, decking Advantages: Nice colour, pretty pattern/grain, grows quickly, sustainable Disadvantages: Prone to warping, knots can cause problems

MDF Properties: very dense, stable, will break down if it gets wet, excellent surface finish either veneer or paint. MDF is a manufactured wood What size availability advantages are there for using a manufactured wood? Will MDF be weaker or stronger than a natural timber? Will MDF be cheaper or more expensive than a natural timber?

MDF (MW) Properties: Uses:
very dense, stable, will break down if it gets wet, excellent surface finish either veneer or paint. Uses: Flat pack furniture, drawer bottoms, kitchen units Advantages: Thin sheets formed into shapes Disadvantages: Soaks up water and falls apart

Plywood – manufactured wood
To understand different manufacturing processes done with timber. Top apply our knowledge to analyse the properties/uses of different timber manufacturing processes. Plywood – manufactured wood Plywood is an example of laminated wood Lamination is the layering of material to form a solid piece In terms of size availability, what is the advantage of using manufactured woods/boards? What properties will it increase? Do you think this is cheaper or more expensive than solid hardwood? Why is the grain orientated at ninety degrees to each other?

Each layer arranges the grain at 90 degrees – equal strength!
Plywood (MW) Properties: Made from layers at 90 degrees to each other so strong in all directions. Resistant to splitting. Each layer arranges the grain at 90 degrees – equal strength! Uses: Drawers, wardrobes, cheap furniture, hoardings. Advantages: Available in large sheets, no warping, can be laminated into curves Disadvantages: Thin sheets too flexible.

Material Properties – worksheet 1
Hardness Toughness Tension (strength) Compression (strength) Shear (strength)

Timber worksheet Wood Advantage Disadvantage Use Hardwoods Oak Ash
Mahogany Beech Softwood Pine Douglas Fir Larch Spruce Manufactured Wood MDF Plywood Chipboard Hardboard

Answers to worksheet Wood Advantage Disadvantage Use Hardwoods Oak Ash Mahogony Beech Softwood Pine Fir Manufactured Wood MDF Plywood Chipboard Hardboard Hard and Tough. Durable Can Finish well Gives good aesthetic qualities High quality furniture. Beds, Tables, Wardrobes etc. Expensive Heavy Less durable than hardwood. Splits/warps easily Mid quality furniture. Picnic Benches, Children's Toys Easy to work/ manufacture Can Finish well Comes in a variety of sizes Strong in all directions (directional stability ) Less aesthetically pleasing. Low durability Flat pack furniture. Low quality products. Laminated Products

Metals/Alloys Learning Objectives
To understand how to categorise metals. To understand the different working properties of a range of metals and alloys

TASK Can you write a definition for any of these properties. Complete any many as you can and remember to complete in detail and in full sentences. Malleable Ductility Electrical Conductor Thermal Conductor Fusibility Elasticity Tough Absorbency Density Compressive Strength Tensile Strength

Material property definitions
Malleable Ability of material (metal) to be bent or hammered into shape. Ductility Ability of material (metal) to be drawn out and stretch without breaking or returning to is original shape. Electrical Conductor A material that allows electricity to pass through it Thermal Conductor A material that allows heat to pass through it Fusibility A material that has a low melting point has high fusibility. E.g. Solder Tough A material that will withstand shocks/forces without cracking or shattering Elasticity Ability of material to be stretched and deformed, and then return to is original shape. Absorbency A material that soaks up something else e.g. water, light, radiation, heat. Density Density is the mass per unit volume. This means that the density of any solid, liquid or gas can be found by dividing its mass in kilograms by its volume in cubic metres. Compressive Strength A material that is strong under squashing forces Tensile Strength A material that is strong under stretching forces

Malleability Ductility Hardness Toughness Elasticity
For metals these are the most important properties you HAVE TO KNOW! Malleability Ductility Hardness Toughness Elasticity

What is the difference between FERROUS metals and NON-FERROUS metals?
A metal composed mainly of IRON. They are magnetic and will rust if left unprotected. A metal containing NO IRON. They are not magnetic and are usually made of pure metals. Aluminium Mild Steel Copper Cast Iron Zinc Carbon Steel Tin

Alloy What is the definition of an alloy?
An alloy is a mixture of metals, formed by mixing two or more elements together. There is an endless list possible. All steels are alloys High Speed Steel Stainless Steel Brass

Metal Properties Use Ferrous Metal Non Ferrous Metal TASK
As we discuss the next few slide it is important for you to complete the worksheet below to evidence your understanding of metals and their properties. Remember to complete in detail and in full sentences. Metal Properties Use Ferrous Metal Non Ferrous Metal

Mild Steel (FM) Properties: Tough, malleable, magnetic Uses:
Structural steel girders, car bodies Advantages: Easily worked and joined, cheap, widely available, can be recycled Disadvantages: Will rust if unprotected

Stainless Steel (FM) Properties:
Hard, tough, excellent corrosion resistence Uses: Cutlery, kitchen equipment, Advantages: Easily cleaned, does not need surface finish, recyclable, good aesthetics Disadvantages: Difficult to work, specialist equipment required

Copper (NFM) Properties:
Malleable, ductile, good conductor, good corrosion resistance Uses: Cables and wires, pipes, water cylinders Advantages: Easily drawn into wires, can be recycled, Disadvantages: Expensive, change colour over time

Alloy What is it: An alloy is a mixture of metals, formed by mixing two or more elements together. There is an endless list possible. Brass= 65% copper and 35% zinc What does it do: We make alloys to create metals with desirable properties for a certain use. They are usually grouped into ferrous and non ferrous alloys. Mild Steel= 99.8% iron and 0.2% carbon

TASK Read those the detailed paragraph on alloys, highlight any key points in the paragraph and then answer the questions are the bottom of the worksheets (in full sentences). An alloy is homogeneous and retains the properties of a metal, even though it may include metalloids or nonmetals in its composition. Over 90% of metal use is in the form of alloys. Alloys are used because their chemical and physical properties are superior for an application than that of the pure element components. Typical improvements include corrosion resistance, improved wear, special electrical or magnetic properties, and heat resistance. Other times, alloys are used because they retain the key properties of component metals, yet are less expensive. Steel is the name given to an alloy of iron with carbon, usually with other elements, such as nickel and cobalt. The other elements add a desired quality to the steel, such as hardness or tensile strength. Stainless steel is another iron alloy, which typically contains chromium, nickel, and other elements to resist rust or corrosion. Pewter is an alloy of tin, with other elements such as copper, lead, or antimony. The alloy is malleable, yet stronger than pure tin, plus it resists the phase change of tin that can make it crumble at low temperatures. Brass is a mixture of copper with zinc and sometimes other elements. Brass is hard and durable, making it suitable for plumbing fixtures and machined parts. Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and often with the addition of other metals. Historical pieces were often made of brasses and bronzes with different compositions, modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older objects increasingly use the more inclusive term "copper alloy" instead.

Material Properties – worksheet 2
Malleable Ductility Electrical Conductor Thermal Conductor Fusibility Tough Absorbency Density Compressive Strength Tensile Strength

Metal worksheet Metal Properties Use Ferrous Metal Non Ferrous Metal

Alloys worksheet An alloy is a substance made by melting two or more elements together, at least one of them a metal. An alloy crystallizes upon cooling into a solid solution, mixture, or intermetallic compound. The components of alloys cannot be separated using a physical means. An alloy is homogeneous and retains the properties of a metal, even though it may include metalloids or nonmetals in its composition. Over 90% of metal use is in the form of alloys. Alloys are used because their chemical and physical properties are superior for an application than that of the pure element components. Typical improvements include corrosion resistance, improved wear, special electrical or magnetic properties, and heat resistance. Other times, alloys are used because they retain the key properties of component metals, yet are less expensive. Steel is the name given to an alloy of iron with carbon, usually with other elements, such as nickel and cobalt. The other elements add a desired quality to the steel, such as hardness or tensile strength. Stainless steel is another iron alloy, which typically contains chromium, nickel, and other elements to resist rust or corrosion. Pewter is an alloy of tin, with other elements such as copper, lead, or antimony. The alloy is malleable, yet stronger than pure tin, plus it resists the phase change of tin that can make it crumble at low temperatures. Brass is a mixture of copper with zinc and sometimes other elements. Brass is hard and durable, making it suitable for plumbing fixtures and machined parts. Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and often with the addition of other metals. Historical pieces were often made of brasses and bronzes with different compositions, modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older objects increasingly use the more inclusive term "copper alloy" instead. What is meant by the term alloy? Give two examples of ferrous alloys and explain what they are used for? Give two examples of non- ferrous alloys and explain what they are used for?

Ferrous Metal Mild Steel Tough, ductile, malleable, good tensile strength, poor resistance to corrosion General purpose engineering material Cast iron Hard skin, softer underneath, but brittle, corrodes by rusting Parts with complex shapes which can be made by casting High Speed Steel Even harder than medium carbon steel and more brittle, can be heat-treated to make it harder and tougher Cutting tools, ball bearings Stainless steel hard and tough, resistant to wear and corrosion Cutlery, kitchen equipment Non Ferrous Metal Aluminium Good strength-to-weight ratio, light, soft, ductile, good conductor of heat and electricity Kitchen equipment, window frames, general cast components Copper Malleable and ductile, good conductor of heat and electricity, resistant to corrosion Water pipes, electrical wire, decorative goods Brass Resistant to corrosion, fairly hard, good conductor of heat and electricity Ornaments, cast items such as water taps Zinc Resistant to corrosion, ductile, brittle at ambient temperatures but is malleable at 100 to 150°C. Used for galvanizing other metals. Galvanizing is when other metals are coated with a thin coating of zinc to prevent them from corroding or rusting.

Polymers Learning Objectives To understand how to categorise polymers.
To understand the different working properties of a range of polymers

STARTER – RECAP Without looking in your folder can you define the following properties. Malleable Ductility Elasticity Hard Tough Compressive Strength Tensile Strength Ability of material (metal) to be bent or hammered into shape. Ability of material (metal/plastic) to be stretched into long wires/rods A material that will stretch and return to its original shape when force is removed. A material that will withstand denting or scratching. A material that will withstand shocks/forces without cracking or shattering A material that is strong under squashing forces A material that is strong under stretching forces

Which picture is which plastic?
TASK On your worksheet can you copy the definition for each plastic? Draw the chemical image for each plastic. Which picture is which plastic? Thermoforming plastics are made from tangled molecules. They can be melted and moulded into a product and then be re-melted and re-moulded into further products. This allows thermoplastics to be easily recycled. Thermosetting plastics are made from cross linked molecules. It can be melted and moulded into a product and then will never melt again.

Thermoforming Thermosetting plastics Acrylic Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) Urea Formaldehyde ABS Polyester Resin High Density Polyethene(HDPE) Polypropylene (PP) Melamine Formaldehyde (MF) Epoxy Resin

Thermosetting Plastic
TASK As we discuss the next few slide it is important for you to complete the worksheet below to evidence your understanding of plastics and their properties. Remember to complete in detail and in full sentences. Plastic Advantage Disadvantage Use Thermoforming (thermoplastic) Thermosetting Plastic

Acrylic Acrylic(TP) Properties:
Good impact strength, lightweight, electrical insulator, durable Uses: Ornamental products, bathroom furniture Advantages: can be recycled, polishes and finishes well Disadvantages: Relatively soft, scratches easily, poor chemical resistance

HIPS Properties: Tough, high impact strength, rigid, electrical insulator Uses: Food appliances, toys, cutlery, dvd cases Advantages: Lots of colours, can be recycled Disadvantages: Expensive, limited flexibility,

Polyester resin Properties:
Good electrical insulator, hard, brittle, chemical resistance, resists UV radiation Uses: Boat hulls, model figures, adhesives, filler Advantages: Can be mixed with pigments to achieve range of colours Disadvantages: Contracts on curing.

TASK Read those the detailed paragraph on plastics, highlight any key points in the paragraph and then answer the questions are the bottom of the worksheets (in full sentences). Thermoforming plastics (thermoplastics) are made from tangled molecules. They can be melted and moulded into a product and then be re-melted and re-moulded into further products. This allows thermoplastics to be easily recycled. Most thermoplastics are tough (except acrylic), as well as being chemical and water resistant. All plastics are an electrical insulator which gives them increased safety features for electrical products. A great advantage is that thermoplastics can come in a variety of colours, allowing for a range of aesthetic choices. Examples of thermoplastics are Acrylic, HIPS, PVC, ABS, Polypropylene and many others. Like all plastics they are manufactured from crude oil, which as a fossil fuel is a limited resource. This means that continued manufacture of plastic products will reduce the earths natural resources and contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming through plastic disposal. Thermosetting plastics such as Polyester Resin and Urea Formaldehyde are made from cross linked molecules. Due to the strong bonds between the molecules they bonds cannot be broken through heat and therefore once moulded into a product and then will never be able to melt again. All thermosetting plastics are hard, tough and durable but lack some of the aesthetic qualities of thermoplastics. As thermosetting plastics cannot be melted once they have been set into a shape they are very difficult to recycle. As Thermosets cannot melt once shaped they are very useful to be made into products that get very hot whilst in use. Examples of this would be; kettles, toasters, electrical fittings etc.

Quick fire 5 Which of these is a thermosetting plastic?
ABS HIPS Polyester resin Acrylic 2. Which plastic has long cross linked chains of molecules? Thermosetting plastic Thermoplastics 3. What product could you use a thermosetting plastic for? Microwave Bottle Chair Drainpipe 4. What product could you use a thermoplastic for? Toaster Drainpipe microwave hairdryer 5. The definition “to be able to be drawn out into long rods or wires” refers to? Durability Elasticity Plasticity Ductile

Plastics worksheet Plastic Advantage Disadvantage Use Thermoforming (thermoplastic) Thermosetting Plastic

Plastics worksheet - answers
Advantage Disadvantage Use Thermoforming (thermoplastic) Thermosetting Plastic Can be remoulded (plasticity) into shapes Most are tough (except acrylic) Chemical and water resistant Electrical insulator Come in a variety of colours Will deform easily under heat/stress Made from oil – limited resource All plastic product except those underneath Acrylic Polypropelene ABS HIPS PVC PET HDPE Will not melt under heat. Tough Rigid Hard (similar to thermoplastics) Can only be heated and shaped ONCE Difficult to recycle Any product that heats up. E.g. toaster, kettle, microwave food container. Electrical equipment/sockets. Urea Formaldehyde Polyester Resin

Plastics definitions worksheet
Thermoforming plastics (thermoplastics) are made from tangled molecules. They can be melted and moulded into a product and then be re-melted and re-moulded into further products. This allows thermoplastics to be easily recycled. Most thermoplastics are tough (except acrylic), as well as being chemical and water resistant. All plastics are an electrical insulator which gives them increased safety features for electrical products. A great advantage is that thermoplastics can come in a variety of colours, allowing for a range of aesthetic choices. Examples of thermoplastics are Acrylic, HIPS, PVC, ABS, Polypropylene and many others. Like all plastics they are manufactured from crude oil, which as a fossil fuel is a limited resource. This means that continued manufacture of plastic products will reduce the earths natural resources and contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming through plastic disposal. Thermosetting plastics such as Polyester Resin and Urea Formaldehyde are made from cross linked molecules. Due to the strong bonds between the molecules they bonds cannot be broken through heat and therefore once moulded into a product and then will never be able to melt again. All thermosetting plastics are hard, tough and durable but lack some of the aesthetic qualities of thermoplastics. As thermosetting plastics cannot be melted once they have been set into a shape they are very difficult to recycle. As Thermosets cannot melt once shaped they are very useful to be made into products that get very hot whilst in use. Examples of this would be; kettles, toasters, electrical fittings etc. What are all plastics source of origin? What are the main differences between thermoforming plastics and thermosetting plastics? What are some of the key properties of thermoplastics? What are some of the properties of thermosetting plastics?

Textiles Learning Objectives
To understand how to categorise textiles and fibres. To understand the different working properties of a range of fibres and textiles

STARTER – DO YOU KNOW? You have a bag of different textile samples and labels. 1st - In pairs try and match the correct sample to the correct label. 2rd – Organise the textiles to groups – natural and synthetics Extension – Do you know where each materials source of origin is?

FIBRES – the facts All fabrics and textiles are made from fibres.
Some fibres grow on plants and animals and some are man made from crude oil You will have to know about a range of fibres for your exam, including: cotton, wool, Viscose, Polyester, Nylon, Lycra, Silk. A fibre is a fine strand that looks a little like a human hair. There are long or short fibres and smooth or fluffy ones. To make a fabric you need to twist lots of fibres together to form a yarn and these yarns are put together to make a fabric.

Types of fibres Natural fibres Manufactured fibres
Natural fibres that grow in the ground are called vegetable or plant fibres. All plants are made from cellulose fibres so you will sometimes hear this term. Cotton and linen are the most common vegetable fibres but there are other types, e.g. jute, hemp. Natural fibres that grow on animals are called animal fibres. Wool is the most common fibre but hair from other animals can also be used, e.g. Angora rabbit, Cashmere goat. Manufactured fibres originated from our desire to produce a cheaper version of silk. There are two types of manufactured fibres. Regenerated fibres are those that start off from a natural origin, e.g. wood pulp. The pulp is dissolved in chemicals and forced through a spinneret to produce fibres which are solidified. Synthetic fibres are made from crude oil and coal. When processed, the liquid is forced through a spinneret to produce fibres which are solidified. Both types of fibres can be engineered to have any shape and be any length, and this gives the final fabric different properties.

There are two types of natural fibres: Plant based Animal Based
There are two types of manufactured fibres: Regenerated fibres – a modified natural fibre to improve properties Synthetic fibre – man made in factories Wool Silk Cotton Linen Viscose Polyester Polyamide (Nylon) Elastane (Lycra)

Natural Fibres Manufactured Fibres Animal Based Plant Based
TASK As we discuss the next few slide it is important for you to complete the worksheet below to evidence your understanding of textiles and their properties. Remember to complete in detail and in full sentences. Natural Fibres Manufactured Fibres Animal Based Plant Based Regenerated Fibres Synthetic Fibres

What fibre am I? Cotton Source – grows on plants in hot, wet climates
Physical properties – strong, resists abrasion, durable, absorbent, dries slowly, creases easily, cool to wear Aesthetic properties – fibres are 15–50mm long and fabrics tend to have a slightly fluffy surface because of this End uses – underwear, bedding, nightwear, t-shirts, shirts, dresses, jeans, towels, handkerchiefs

What fibre am I? Wool Source – grows on sheep
Physical properties – very absorbent but doesn’t feel wet, resists creases, warm, not very strong, felts/shrinks with heat and rubbing Aesthetic properties – scaly fibres, short fibres that make fluffy fabrics End uses – suits, sweaters, socks, scarves, blankets, carpets Fabric names – flannel, felt, tweed, serge Aftercare – usually only washed by hand in low temperatures as heat and movement causes shrinking, can’t be bleached, medium temperature iron, can’t be tumble dried and is normally laid flat to dry Other facts – can be blended with Polyester or Nylon to make it easier to look after

What fibre am I? Silk Source – fibre is from the cocoon spun by the Mulberry caterpillar Physical properties – strong, durable, doesn’t crease easily, absorbent, warm/cool to wear, drapes well, smooth, shiny surface, damaged by deodorants and perspiration, weak when wet Aesthetic properties – long fibres give smooth, shiny fabrics End uses – underwear, scarves, dresses, blouses, flowers, ties Fabric names – chiffon, satin, taffeta, damask, organza Aftercare – hand wash in low temperatures as fibres are weak when wet, and high temperatures and movement cause them to break and fabrics look permanently creased, can’t be bleached or tumble dried and should be dried away from direct sunlight, medium temperature when ironing Other facts – to maintain the long fibres the caterpillar is boiled alive. If it breaks out of the cocoon the fibres are shorter and give a lower quality fabric

What fibre am I? Viscose Source – This is a semi-synthetic fibre this is produced from the pulp of a variety of plants such as soy, bamboo, and sugar cane Physical properties – strong, lightweight, resists abrasion, durable, absorbent, dries slowly, cool to wear Aesthetic properties – long fibres give smooth, shiny fabrics End uses – shirts, blouses, skirts and trousers Fabric names – Rayon Aftercare – wash and iron at low temperatures, can’t be bleached Other facts – to it a very lightweight and cool material and so it often used in summer clothing instead of cotton and even silk.

What fibre am I? Nylon Source – synthetic fibre made from crude oil and coal Physical properties – strong, crease resistant, not absorbent, not warm, durable, thermoplastic, holds static Aesthetic properties – can be made to be shiny or matte depending on the shape of the fibre End uses – carpets, shirts, dresses, jackets, suits, bags, umbrellas Aftercare - wash and iron at low temperatures, can’t be bleached Other facts – the first synthetic fibre to be discovered. It is also known by the name Polyamide. Can be engineered into high performance fabrics, e.g. Kevlar. Often blended with wool

What fibre am I? Lycra An elastic fibre that is never used on its own. It can be used either bare, covered or wrapped Source – synthetic fibre made from crude oil and coal Physical properties – strong, lightweight, crease resistant, dries quickly, very stretchy End uses – include sportswear, leggings, jeans, underwear, socks, swimwear and so on Aftercare – wash and iron at low temperatures, can’t be bleached Other facts – LYCRA® fibre is a registered brand name for elastane fibres

What fibre am I? Polyester Blended Fibres
Source – synthetic fibre made from crude oil and coal Physical properties – strong, crease resistant, not absorbent, not warm, durable, thermoplastic, holds static Aesthetic properties – can be made to be shiny or matte depending on the shape of the fibre End uses – suits, dresses, shirts, rainwear, ties, scarves, workwear Aftercare – wash at up to 60 degrees, iron at medium temperature, tumble dry on low heat Other facts – often blended with cotton. Can be engineered into high performance fabrics that are breathable. Can be made from recycled plastic bottles Blended Fibres Cotton and Polyester are blended together to form the most common blended fibre This is done as it combines the properties of the natural and synthetic material to make a more durable and useful fibre.

Woven Fabrics Non-Woven Fabrics Knitted Fabrics
Most fabrics are made by weaving or knitting yarns. A fabric's appearance, properties and end use can be affected by the way it was constructed. Woven fabrics are made up of a weft - the yarn going across the width of the fabric - and a warp - the yarn going down the length of the loom. The side of the fabric where the wefts are double-backed to form a non-fraying edge is called the selvedge. There are two types of non-woven fabrics: Bonded and Felted Fabrics Bonding Bonded-fibre fabrics are made from webs of synthetic fibres bonded together with heat or adhesives. They are cheap to produce but not as strong as woven or knitted fabrics. Bonded-fibre fabrics are mainly used for interlining. They are easy to sew, crease resistant, do not fray and are stable when washing and dry cleaning. Felting Wool felt is a non-woven fabric made from animal hair or wool fibres matted together using moisture, heat and pressure. Felt has no strength, drape or elasticity but it is warm and does not fray. Wool felt is expensive. It is used for hats and slippers and in handcrafts Knitted Fabrics There are two types of knitted fabrics: Weft-knitted fabric is made by looping together long lengths of yarn. It can be made by hand or machine. The yarn runs in rows across the fabric. The fabric is stretchy and comfortable and is used for socks, T-shirts and jumpers Warp-knitted fabric is made by the loops interlock vertically along the length of the fabric. Warp knits are slightly stretchy and do not ladder. Warp-knitted fabric is made by machine. It is used for swimwear, underwear and geotextiles Weft- knitted fabric Warp-knitted fabric

Textiles worksheet Natural Fibres Manufactured Fibres Animal Based Plant Based Regenerated Fibres Synthetic Fibres

Paper and Card Learning Objectives:
To understand how to categorise papers and boards To understand the different working properties of papers and boards

STARTER – DO YOU KNOW? You have a bag of different paper/card samples and labels. 1st - In pairs try and match the correct sample to the correct label. 2rd – Read down what an application or product the paper/card is used for.

What is need to know? Paper Board Bleed Proof Paper Cartridge Paper
Grid Paper Layout Paper Tracing Paper Corrugated Card Duplex Board Foil Lined Board Foam Core Board Ink Jet Card Solid White board

How is it made? Paper is a web-like material made from very fine vegetable fibres. These fibres usually come from wood pulp although sometimes plants such as flax and hemp are used. The fibres are made of cellulose and they stick to each other to form a strong web Recycled fibres are often mixed with new or “virgin” materials

Task: Match the descriptions to the different types of paper
Bleed Proof Paper, Cartridge Paper, Grid Paper, Layout Paper, Tracing Paper Paper with printed squares to help with drawing. Particularly useful to help with measured drawings or orthographic projections. A smooth and hardy paper used for designing. Felt pens and ink will not “bleed” or travel across the paper. Paper with partial transparency. It is thinner and less durable than other semi-transparent paper. Used by designers- particularly advertisers. It has partial transparency so designers can trace through previous design ideas to adapt and develop Good surface for sketching. More expensive than copier paper. Prone to yellowing with age.

Answer: Match the descriptions to the different types of paper
Grid Paper Paper with printed squares to help with drawing. Particularly useful to help with measured drawings or orthographic projections. Bleedproof Paper A smooth and hardy paper used for designing. Felt pens and ink will not “bleed” or travel across the paper. Layout Paper Paper with partial transparency. It is thinner and less durable than other semi-transparent paper. Tracing Paper Used by designers- particularly advertisers. It has partial transparency so designers can trace through previous design ideas to adapt and develop Cartridge Paper Good surface for sketching. More expensive than copier paper. Prone to yellowing with age.

Match the images to the paper
Tracing paper/Layout Paper Semi transparent Cartridge Paper High quality sketching paper Grid Paper: The lines make it easier to draw neatly. Bleedproof Paper Ink does not track/bleed across drawings

Task: Match the descriptions to the different types of board
Corrugated card, duplex board, foil lined board, foam core board, ink jet card, solid white board Strong and high quality with good printing surfaces on both sides. Can be bleached white or left unbleached. Thin versions have a printable white side. Can also be LAMINATED with a sealing layer of plastic to make it watertight. stronger and better quality than solid white board. Used for food packaging Made by laminating aluminium foil to one side of any kind of board. Used in tetra-pack carton production or for takeaway container lids 2 layers of cardboard with a third fluted in between to improve; stiffness, protection and insulation. A board of polystyrene which is clad in paper on both sides. Used for model making and mounting artwork/printing.

Answers: Match the descriptions to the different types of board
Inkjet Card Strong and high quality with good printing surfaces on both sides. Solid White Board Can be bleached white or left unbleached. Thin versions have a printable white side. Can also be LAMINATED with a sealing layer of plastic to make it watertight. Duplex Board stronger and better quality than solid white board. Used for food packaging Foil Lined Board Made by laminating aluminium foil to one side of any kind of board. Used in tetra-pack carton production or for takeaway container lids Corrugated Card 2 layers of cardboard with a third fluted in between to improve; stiffness, protection and insulation. Foam Core Board A board of polystyrene which is clad in paper on both sides. Used for model making and mounting artwork/printing.

Match the images to the board
Aluminium foil lined card: Keeps the food hot by reflecting heat Corrugated Cardboard: Creates a strong box that can hold weight. Cartridge Paper High quality sketching paper Duplex Board Modelling board/basic packaging/good for printing Foam Core Board Good for modelling/mounting

Advantage Disadvantage Use Paper Types Card Types TASK
We have discussed a lot of information about paper, card, board and their properties. It is important for you to complete the worksheet below to evidence your understanding. Remember to complete in detail and in full sentences. Advantage Disadvantage Use Paper Types Card Types

Paper/card worksheet Advantage Disadvantage Use Paper Types Card Types

Timbers Learning Objectives To understand how to categorise timbers.

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Timbers Learning Objectives To understand how to categorise timbers.

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