1. Unit Five: 1750 to 1900

2. Remember the acronym… Industrialization Revolution Imperialism
Nationalism
Emancipation

3. …and the song. UNIT FIVE French and US Revolutions;
Industry on the rise;
Colonial expansion;
Serfs and slaves are now free;
Japan’s climb, Unit Five

4. Periodization
Relationship between governed and government redefined as revolutions and independence movements propelled by Enlightenment
Concept of nation becomes dominant political force
Industrialization changes way people lived
Powerful, industrialized nations dominated Asia and Africa economically and politically
Slaves and serfs emancipate in new wage and market-driven world and women fight for emancipation

5. Themes 1. What happens when people come in contact with each other?
With development of industrialization, the world became truly interdependent
Industrialized nations search for raw materials and new markets and imperialize areas to protect economic interests

6. 2. Why do some things change while other things stay the same?
Industrialization changed almost everything: way people worked, lived, traveled, related to their families, communicated, and identified themselves
Many traditional forces resisted change: religious influence and patriarchal gender structures remained in many parts of the world

7. 3. How does the development of new technology and movement of people affect the world?
New technologies quickened the pace of life
As population grew, many migrated to cities for job opportunities in factories
Free wage laborers more desirable in new market-driven economy instead of forced labor, so slaves and serfs were emancipated

8. 4. How do societies organize themselves socially and what roles do men and women play?
Middle class emerges as new force economically and politically, leading to many political revolutions
Women gained some economic opportunities in factories, but still paid less
New economic opportunities and Enlightenment ideals pushed women to fight for political rights
Working class becomes force for change: labor unions advocate for change in working conditions

9. 5. How do people identify themselves and express themselves culturally and intellectually?
Western culture strongly influenced many Asian and African areas through colonization, while Asian and African culture and art influential on European intellectuals and artists
Enlightenment ideals like equality, freedom of speech, freedom of religion became influential
Traditional religious organizations maintained power and influence in other parts of the world

10. 6. How do people govern themselves?
Ideas of Enlightenment said government was responsible to its people, inspiring revolutions and independence movements throughout the period
Governments experimented with democratic values, but democracy extended to limited class of people
Older land-based empires struggled with change and adaptation to new age
The nation became the new concept of identity in the 19th century and would soon spread worldwide

11. American Revolution 1774-1783 Britain’s empire after Seven Years’ War
“No taxation without representation”
Declaration of Independence
Peace of Paris
US Constitution and Bill of Rights

12. French Revolution 1789-1815 Financial problems and social inequalities
Three Estates and the Estates-General
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Committee of Public Safety, Robespierre and the Reign of Terror

13. Napoleon and his coup d’etat Effects of Napoleon’s Empire?
Spread of Enlightenment ideas through the Civil Code
Louisiana Purchase 1803
Conquest of Spain weakened control over American colonies
Defeated by invasion of Russia, continental system failure, survival of Great Britain and nationalism
Congress of Vienna restores old regimes: conservative reaction to revolution

14. Revolutions of 1848 Causes Three decades of reactionary rule
Social and economic pressures caused by Industrial Revolution
Nationalism
Economic downturns and bad harvests (“hungry forties” ex. Irish Potato Famine)

15. “Every time France sneezes, Europe catches cold”
Only Britain and Russia avoided revolution
Prussia, Austria, German states, Italy…the “turning point that did not quite turn”?
Prussia and Austria did grant constitutions
Importance of nationalism
Inspired Communist Manifesto
Political, social, economic demands of ordinary people must be taken seriously

16. Haitian Revolution
Hispaniola split between Spanish Santo Domingo and French Haiti
Black slaves outnumber free population
Inspired by American and French Revs
Slave revolt led by L’Ouverture
Napoleon failed to put down the rebellion and it became the 2nd independent republic in the Americas; 1st to abolish slavery

17. Latin American Wars for Independence 1800s
Creoles unhappy with role and regulations
Major leaders: Simon Bolivar, San Martin, Miguel Hidalgo
Portuguese prince declared independence and set himself up as monarch
Creoles become dominant class but continuities: socially stratified, slavery, power of Church, lower classes repressed

18. Struggled with independence
Economies disrupted by warfare
Large armies loyal to caudillos (commanders) instead of national governments
Disagreements on types of governments
Catholic Church remained strong
Foreign intervention

19. Why Revolutions? Enlightenment ideas New wealth of the bourgeoisie
Culmination of Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution
Questioned absolute governments
New wealth of the bourgeoisie
Commercialization and economic growth meant middle class grew in wealth and size, but not in power
This group educated in Enlightenment ideas

20. Comparing Revolutions
When/where?
Motivations
Results in North v. Latin America
Government
Economy
Social structure

21. Unification of Italy and Germany
Roman Catholic Church was strong and discouraged nationalism
Garibaldi led military campaign in south and Cavour helped expel Austria in north
King Emmanuell II king of independent Italy in 1870

22. Germany
Otto von Bismarck (Prussia) led series of wars with Denmark, Austria and France to consolidate Germany
Shift in balance of power in Europe

23. Zionism
Movement by Jews for their homeland…had remained a minority group in various nations
Anti-Semitism rose in 1800s with rise in industrialization and urbanization; Rise in Zionism follows
Fought for Jewish state in Palestine

24. Industrialization
Advances in 1600s helped lead to modern industry in 1700s
Change from making goods in the home by hand to by machines in factories
Great Britain first to industrialize
Technology, large population, natural resources, capital, stable government

25. France and US close behind; Russia lags
Steam engine and railroads

26. Impact of Industrialization
Family unit weakens
Urbanization
Women (and children) in the factories
Working conditions and Unionism
Social classes
Rise in socialism/marxism (Karl Marx)
Era of leisure and consumption
Global division of labor: industrial countries exploit non-industrial ones
Environmental impact

27. Ottoman Empire
Problems of Ottoman Empire: “sick man of Europe” (economy, revolt, janissaries)
1820: Egyptian independence under Muhammad Ali, Suez Canal built in 1869
Tanzimat Reforms
Young Turks led coup in 1908 and set up puppet sultan

28. Russia Similarities to Ottoman Empire
Russian empire was autocratic, multiethnic, multilingual, multicultural
Greatly expanded
Military power not as good as Europe: Crimean War ( )
Czar Alexander II emancipated serfs 1861

29. Industrialization and Trans-Siberian RR Intelligentsia led protest and czar assassinated in 1881
Czar Nicholas II
Russo-Japanese War 1905
Bloody Sunday and Revolution of 1905
Duma

30. China Problems of the Qing Dynasty
Opium War lost in 1839 and unequal treaties increased European control
Taiping Rebellion 1850s
Self-Strengthening Movement
Hundred Days of Reform
Boxer Rebellion 1900
Sun Yat-Sen creates new modern Republic of China in 1911

31. Japan – The Meiji Restoration
US forced open trade 1853
Civil War overthrows shogun and “restores” emperor to power
Meiji Restoration

32. Imperialism and Its Impact
Industrialization drove need for colonies
Other motivations? Military/naval bases, missionary efforts, “white man’s burden”
Legacies? Economic shift of colonies to cash crops, migration patterns shift, scientific racism develops (Social Darwinism)

33. India British East India Company monopoly and the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny
Change to India? Forests cleared for crops, infrastructure built, English-style schools for elites, Indian customs suppressed (sati), helped create Indian identity
Educated Indian elite inspired by Enlightenment ideas and call for reform
Indian National Congress and the All-Indian Muslim League

34. Africa
1880 to 1914: Europe went from restricted to coasts to completely carving up Africa in the “Scramble for Africa”
Ethiopia and Liberia only two free states
King Leopold of Belgium and Congo Free State
British in the Suez Canal
Berlin Conference

35. Legacies of Imperialism

36. Emancipation of Slaves
Liberals use Enlightenment arguments to push for abolition of slavery
Slave revolts and need for military make it expensive and less profitable
Slave trade ends first in GB in 1807; slavery in GB colonies in 1833
Freedom did NOT bring equality

37. Emancipation of Serfs
Opposed on moral grounds, but also saw it a roadblock to economic development
1861 Czar Alexander II abolished serfdom…but few rights, high taxes, desperately poor
No increase in agricultural production but gave large urban work force for industry

38. Changing Roles of Women
Enlightenment hypocrisy
Mary Wollstonecraft
Women’s movements become huge in GB, US and Canada
1848 Seneca Falls Convention
Suffrage: Norway the first 1910, GB 1918, US 1920
New work opportunities but still paid less

39. Interaction and changes in culture
Influence of Africa’s spare, dramatic style
Influence of Japanese color and stylized forms inspires Impressionists and liberate them from traditional constraints
Japan influenced by Western lit and architecture; fashion, hair
Industrialism brought higher wages and fewer work hours = leisure, advertising, bicycle, newspapers, theaters, sports popular