1. Variations in Sexual Behavior
Chapter 14
Variations in Sexual Behavior
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

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4. Understanding Sexual Behavior
Sexual activity of males and females between 18-22
% of men and 76% of women believed satisfactory sex is essential to maintain a relationship
Copyright © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. When Is Sexual Behavior Abnormal?
Statistical definition
a sexual behavior that is rare or not practiced by many people
Sociological approach
sexual behavior that violates the norms of the society
Psychological approach
criteria include discomfort, inefficiency, and bizarreness
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6. When Is Sexual Behavior Abnormal?
Medical approach
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders recognizes 8 paraphilias
Paraphilia
a recurring, unconventional sexual behavior that is obsessive and compulsive
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7. Paraphilias and the facts…
People usually have more than one
There is no cookie-cutter profile
They are described as well-adjusted, successful, and above the norm on assessments of mental health
Men with transvestic fetishism are happy with their biological sex
Erotica asphyxiation occurs at the same rate
Copyright © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. When Is Sexual Behavior Abnormal?
The Normal—Abnormal Continuum
Normal and abnormal sexual behavior are not two separate categories, but rather gradations on a continuum
A mild, or even a strong preference for an object is within the normal range of sexual behavior, but is abnormal if it becomes an extreme necessity
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.
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9. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.
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10. Fetishes
Sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving use of nonliving objects
to produce or enhance a sexual arousal
with or in the absence of a partner
over a period of at least six months
causing significant distress
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11. Fetishes Two types of fetishes
media fetish – the material out of which an object is made, is the source of arousal
hard media fetish – a hard substance such as leather or rubber
soft media fetish – a soft substance such as silk or fur
form fetish – the object and its shape are what’s important for an arousal
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Food Fetish????
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Food? Foot?
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14. Fetishes Why Do People Become Fetishists? Learning theory
fetishes result from classical conditioning in which a learned association is built between the fetish object and sexual arousal and orgasm
Cognitive theory
fetishists have a serious cognitive distortion in that they perceive a nonconventional stimulus as erotic
Addiction theory
a pathological relationship, with a sexual event or process, substituting it for a healthy relationship with others
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.
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15. Compulsive Sexual Behavior
A disorder in which the individual experiences intense, sexually arousing fantasies, urges, and associated sexual behaviors
intrusive, driven, and repetitive
lacking in impulse control
often incur social and legal sanctions
interfere with personal and occupational functioning
create health risks
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.
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16. Transvestism Dressing as a member of the other gender Drag queens
male homosexuals that dress up as women
Female impersonators
men who dress as women, often as part of an entertainment job
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18. Transvestism Transvestite fetishism
a heterosexual man who dresses in female clothing to produce or enhance sexual arousal
Transvestism is almost exclusively a male sexual variation and is essentially unknown among women
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19. Sadism and Masochism Sexual Sadist Sexual Masochist
a person who derives sexual satisfaction from inflicting pain on another person
Sexual Masochist
a person who derives sexual satisfaction from experiencing pain
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20. Sadism and Masochism Two Styles of Interaction Bondage and discipline
use of physical or psychological restraints to enforce servitude
Dominance and submission (D—S)
the use of power consensually given to control the sexual stimulation and behavior of the other person
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21. Sadism and Masochism Sadomasochistic Behavior Sadomasochism (S—M)
a rare form of sexual behavior
its milder forms is probably more common than people think
causes are not precisely known
sadistic or masochistic fantasies appear to be more common than real—life sadomasochistic behavior
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22. Sadism and Masochism Bondage & Discipline Sexual bondage
The use in sexual behavior of restraining devices that have sexual significance
Most men & women prefer the passive role
Dominance & Submission (D—S)
Key to S—M is not pain, but dominance & submission
It is a carefully controlled performance with a script
It is the illusion of control, not actual control, that is central to D—S activity
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.
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23. Voyeurism & Exhibitionism
a person who becomes sexually aroused from secretly viewing nudes
Scoptophilia
a sexual variation in which the person becomes sexually aroused by observing others’ sexual acts and genitals
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26. Voyeurism & Exhibitionism
The person derives sexual pleasure from exposing his genitals to others in situations where this is clearly inappropriate
A man who exposes himself is considered offensive, but a woman who reveals most of her breast is likely to be thought of as attractive
Causes of exhibitionism are not known
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Lindsay
Rihanna
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28. Hypersexuality & Asexuality
An excessive, insatiable sex drive in either men or women
leads to compulsive behavior; sexuality overshadows all other concerns and interests
Nymphomania
hyper—sexuality in women
Satyriasis
hyper—sexuality in men
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29. Cybersex Use & Abuse Characterized by: Online Sexual Activity (OSA)
Anonymity
Accessibility
Affordability
Online Sexual Activity (OSA)
Cybersex – 2 or more persons engaging in sexual talk for the purpose of sexual pleasure
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30. Cybersex Use & Abuse Online Sexual Activity (OSA) (cont’d)
Cybersex compulsives (2000)
1% of cybersex users
Attained highest scores on compulsivity
More likely to be male
More likely to be single & dating
More likely to report being bisexual
Reported spending 15—25 hrs/week in online sexual pursuits
21% reported online activities jeopardized at least one area of their life; most common being personal relationships
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31. Hypersexuality & Asexuality
Defined as a lack of sexual attraction to a person of either sex
Different from not engaging in sexual behavior
Asexuals are also different from celibates
May be a disorder rather than a paraphilia (2006)
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32. Other Sexual Variations
Asphyxiophilia
Also known as hypoxyphilia
the desire to induce in oneself a state of oxygen deficiency in order to create sexual arousal or to enhance excitement and orgasm
People engage in asphyxiophilia in the belief that arousal and orgasm are intensified by reduced oxygen
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33. Sexual Arousal toward Children and Nonconsenting Individuals
Exhibitionism (exposure of one’s genitals to unsuspecting viewers)
Frotteurism (rubbing against a nonconsenting person)
Sexual Arousal toward Children and Nonconsenting Individuals
Pedophilia (sexual urges, fantasies, or actual behavior directed toward a prepubescent child)
Voyeurism (seeing an unsuspecting person naked, undressing, or engaging in sexual activity)
Copyright © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

34. Pedophilia: The Perpetrators and the victims
Table 8.3 Men’s Pedophilic Acts with Boys and Girls
Copyright © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

35. Copyright (c) Pearson Education 2010
8/27/2018

36. Other Sexual Variations
Zoophilia (bestiality)
sexual contact with an animal
Frotteurism (DSM—IV—TR)
sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving touching or rubbing one’s genitals against the body of a non—consenting person
Troilism (or triolism)
refers to a sexual encounter in which one partner watches the other partner engage in sex with a 3rd party
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.
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40. Other Sexual Variations (cont’d)
Saliromania
found mainly in men
desire to damage or soil a woman or her clothes
Coprophilia
feces are important to sexual satisfaction
Urophilia
urine is important to sexual satisfaction
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.
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41. Other Sexual Variations (cont’d)
Necrophilia
sexual contact with a dead person
Sexsomnia (sleep sex)
Automatic, unintentional sexual behaviors during sleep
Considered a sleep disorder, rather than a paraphilia
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44. Prevention of Sexual Variations
Difficult to do primary prevention
Categories for diagnosis not nearly as clear cut as they may seem
Multiple diagnoses for one person are not uncommon
Analyze the components of sexual development
gender identity
sexual responsiveness
formation of relationships with others
Disturbance in 1 or more of these components might lead to different sexual variations
Interest in developing preventive programs targeting children has increased
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45. Treatment of Sexual Variations
Medical Treatments
Hormonal treatment
Use of drugs to reduce androgen production or block effects of androgen
Psychopharmacological treatment
Use of psychotropic medications
to influence psychological
functioning and behavior
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.
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46. Treatment of Sexual Variations
Cognitive—Behavioral Therapies
Behavior therapy
Social skills training
Modification of distorted thinking
Relapse prevention
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.
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47. Treatment of Sexual Variations
Cognitive—Behavioral Therapies (cont’d)
Multisystemic Therapy (MST)
targets young sex offenders
combination of family therapy, skills training, and cognitive—behavioral training
addresses
youth and caregiver denial of offense
minimizing access to potential victims
appropriate/normative social experience with peers
youth in MST showed significant reductions in problematic behaviors
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.
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48. Treatment of Sexual Variations
Skills Training
Programs may include
how to carry on a conversation
how to develop intimacy
basic sex education
Sex surrogates interact socially and sexually with the client and a therapist
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.
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50. Treatment of Sexual Variations
12—Step Programs
Modeled on the program of Alcoholics Anonymous
More common treatment in recent years
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.
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52. SLAA Meetings in Manhattan
 Day Time Name Location             Notes/Contact for Info
 Sun  3:00 - 4:30 pm  Women’s Mtg  St. Francis Education  Center, 139 W. 31 St.,  2FL, Room # 5
 Sun  4:00 -  5:30 pm  Men’s  Qualification  Our Lady of Ascension  Church, 221 W. 107 St  Bway &  Amstrdm;  under church  rectory.  Staircase to 1st  dr on Right.  
 Mon  5:30-6:30 pm  Mens SLAA Mtg  St. Margarets House, 49  Fulton Street, NY  Ground Fl, 1st  Rm on left. 
 Mon  6:00  - 7:30 pm  Sexual &  Emotional  Anorexics  St. Francis Education  Center, 139 W. 31 St.,  3FL, Room #5  For meeting  info, Jeff:  
 Mon  7:45 -  9:15 pm  Women’s Step  Writing  Workshop  Realization Center, 19  Union Square West, 7th  Floor.   See receptionist for  room number.  Pls do not  arrive early.
 Tue  6:00  - 7:30 pm  Withdrawal  St. Francis Education  Center, 139 W. 31 St.,  3FL, Room #5.  Contact: Matt:  
 Tues  7:00 - 8:00 pm  Womens Mtg  273 Bowery St, at  University Settlement,  Houston St Center, NYC Contact: Jane
 Wed  6:00 -  7:30 pm  Men’s Meeting  Our Lady of Ascension  Church, 221 W. 107 St.   In basement.  Morris:  732-  
 Wed  6:30 -  7:45 pm   Westside  Women’s  Meeting   Universalist Church, 
 160 Central Park West.   Enter on W. 76  St. Room B4
 Thu  7:15-8:45 pm  Sexual Anorexia  Recovery Gay &  Lesbian Mtg  St. Francis Education  Center, 139 W. 31 St., 
 1FL, Room #2.   Edward: 917-    
 Thu  7:15-8:45 pm  Developing  Healthy  Relationships  Soldiers, Sailors,  Airmen’s Club, 283  Lexington  37  St., Room #3  All are  welcome, those  in and out of  relationships.  Matt:    
 Fri  4:30-6:00 pm  Becoming  Unaddicted to a  Person  St. Francis Education  Center, 139 W. 31 St.,  3rd fl, Room #5 
 Fri  6:15-7:45 pm  Sexual and  Emotional  Anorexics  St. Francis Education  Center, 139 W. 31 St.,
 3FL, Room #5.   For meeting  info, Jeff:  347-  
 Sat  4:00-5:30 pm  Women’s  Conscious  Contact Meeting  St. Francis Education  Center, 139 W. 31 St., 
 1FL, Room #3. 
 Sat  6:00-7:30 pm  Beginners  Meeting (OPEN)  St. Francis Education  Center, 139 W. 31 St., 
 1FL, Room #2.
 Sat  11:00-1:00 pm  Sexual &  Relationship  Avoidance Mtg;    Step Study Mtg  St. Francis Education  Center, 139 W. 31 St., 
 1FL, Room #5.
 Edward: 917-    
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53. Treatment of Sexual Variations
What Works?
Some programs more effective than others
Use of hormonal medications showed largest effect
Program effectiveness varied by type of offenders
Programs only effective when participation was voluntary
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.
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