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Country Case Study: China
Leo Gibson Nathan Rabiej James Ricks Ryan Wang Country Case Study: China PSCI 105, Fall 2017
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Historical Economic Political Representation Politics in Transistion
THE MODERN STATE Historical Economic Political Representation Politics in Transistion
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HISTORICAL, CULTURAL, AND POLITICAL
Leo Gibson
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Historical BC- Qin Dynasty 206 BC-220 AD Han Dynasty Ming Dynasty 1636-Qing Dynasty Established Qing Dynasty Takes Rule 1680-Opium introduced to China China Prevents the distribution of Opium First Opium War Second Opium War Boxer Rebellion Collapse of the Qing Dynasty. Replaced with Republic of China
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Historical Con 1921 CCP was founded
1934-Mao Zedong becomes leader of CCP 1949 Chinese communists win the war and Establish the People’s Republic of China
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Culture Confucianism Mao Zedong Constitution Dynasty
Qin Han Ming Qing Mao Zedong Constitution 1954, 1975, 1978, 1982.
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Political Communist People’s Republic of China (Founded 1949)
Dominate one party system. Which is The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Smaller Parties include The Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang (RCCK) China Democratic League (CDL) China Democratic National Construction Association (CDNCA) China Association for prompting Democracy (CAP) Divided up into 22 Provinces
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Political Con Branches of government Executive
Head of Government -> Premier Head of State -> President Legislative (The Unicameral National People’s Congress) 3,000 Delegates elected to 5 year terms Judicial People’s Courts Supreme Peoples courts
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REPRESENTATION AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
Nathan Rabiej
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Formal organizations Social organizations acted as transmission belts between the communist party and the citizens. Designated, funded, and staffed by the state. Nearly 200 mass organizations that are fully funded and staffed by the government. Examples are; The All-china Federation of Trade Unions, the All-China Women’s Federation, and the Chinese Communist Youth League. Each organization serves as the party’s extension into social sectors, and is the only peak organization allowed to represent that sector.
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Civic Associations Not officially linked to communist party.
Majority of civic associations have been set up in the past two decades. Examples are; Environmental NGO’s, homeowner’s associations, philatelist clubs, and pig-raiser associations. # of civic associations declined due to new regulations formed by the State Council in 1998.
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Differences in Membership Induction
Most formal orgs. maintain a façade of being voluntary. Both the Chinese Communist Party and the Communist Youth League require formal written application, followed by a long & careful screening process. Youth league acts as a prep school for Party membership. Induction begins at a young age. Trade Union Leadership called for “ quickening the pace of formation of trade unions… and organizing employees into the trade union to a maximal degree.”
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Membership Induction for Civic Associations
Much more voluntary Members are more active in the day-to-day activities of the org. Serve no specific political agenda Don’t strive to the monopoly org. of entire social sectors. Political obstacles that hinder them from aggressively recruiting members. Very specialized, attracting a limited # of self-selected members who share common concerns and interests.
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Organization of Communist Party
Communist party and formal organizations all emphasize hierarchy and obedience. Article 1 of the Party’s constitution has members agree to be willing to take part in an org. within the Party. Over 3 million grassroots orgs. of the Party that overlap with administrative work.
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Organization of Formal Organizations
Also organized by the grassroots along the lines of the work unit system. In any administrative unit, the branches of all major formal organizations would be present. The Trade union has 1.7 million grassroots orgs. In The Youth League, 49% of its 72 million members are students. The All-China Women’s Federation is completely organized according to administrative or work units.
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Communist Party and Institutional Constraint
Party members are required by strict party discipline to “maintain a high-degree alignment with the Party Center in ideology.” Core content of the Party discipline is the “four obeys.” Party members obey party organizations Minority obeys majority Lower levels obey upper levels All party organizations & members obey Party Center
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Formal Organization Constraint
Formal organizations have the political obligation to control & contain the activities of their members Can control political participation by their members. From the perspective of Party leaders, it is usually best to keep the organization members to remain passive.
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Civic Association Constraint
Unlike the other 2, most of the constraint doesn’t come from the civic association themselves. But from their macro-level relationship with the party-state. Wide variation of autonomy from the party-state. New focus on relationship with party-state & political change
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POLITICS IN TRANSITION
Ryan Wang
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1. The reason of the transition happens
Sequence social progress → cultural change → political development.
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How is that Sequence happened?
With the development and progress of China society, the changes of Chinese traditional political culture have also appeared. China's political and cultural changes will certainly play an active role in China's political development. To promote the deepening of China's political development, the positive results of China's political development will in turn consolidate the positive factors of political and cultural changes, and promote further its change to institutionalize.
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2.The transition of Monarchy system
From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the trend of political change is the monarchy system continues to strengthen. China's traditional political culture has a strong concept of unity and the idea of monarchical power, which greatly deviates the human subject consciousness and individuality freedom.
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In the process of the relatively stable development of the monarchy, the traditional political culture gradually condensed into a stable value system. It dispersed in various fields of social and political life, by virtue of a variety of political and social channels, endlessly spread from generation to generation.
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3.Democracy After the founding of new China, these negative factors in traditional culture still have a profound impact. China's ordinary people also feel that democracy, freedom, human rights. Democracy refers to the political system in which most people have the right to administer the state. China's democratic politics are socialist democratic politics and are the political forms that guarantee and safeguard the widest democratic rights enjoyed by the overwhelming majority of the people. The Chinese Constitution stipulates: "All the powers of the People's Republic of China belong to the people." The people are the masters of the country. This is the essence of China's democratic politics.
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4.Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought
Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought guiding position are to be established, Deng Xiaoping Theory became the banner of mainstream political culture. Marxism, as a complete theoretical system, was developed in conjunction with the practice of the Workers’ Movement and the revolutionary struggle in various countries. It is developed in the struggle against various erroneous trends of thought. It is a new problem and a new one that has emerged in the development of the times.
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The situation continues to evolve in the course of creative research
The situation continues to evolve in the course of creative research. Lenin combined Marxism with the concrete practice of the Russian revolution and creatively developed Marxism. Lenin summed up the practical experience of Soviet Russia and put forward the basic principles and guiding ideology of socialist construction. Lenin’s Development of Marxism brings Marxism to a New Stage - Leninism. In China, the Chinese Communists represented by Mao Zedong created the thought of Mao Zedong by combining the basic Marxist theory with Chinese history and social practice. Socialism is the first stage toward Communism. The necessity of the existence leads the proletariat including the teaching of Marx, Engels and Lenin, and at the same time Stalin offers its direction.
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In short, after China's reform and opening up, the domestic political culture has a great change that people can not easily perceive, that is a rational concept and attitude began to occupy the mainstream of social life.
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POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT
1 POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT Qing Dynasty ( ) The Treaty of Nanking (1842) The Republic of China ( ) PRC, Command Economy ( ) PRC, Market Socialism (1977-Present) James Ricks
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Political Economy: Timeline
2 Political Economy: Timeline Quing: Merchantile c. 1820, 1st Opium War 1842, Treaty of Nanking Quing: Parasitic Colonialism c. 1855, 2nd Opium War 1860, Western Spheres of Influence 1911, Xinhai Revolution Republic: Feudal Warlordism 1912, Sun Yat-sen Elected President. Capital moved from Beijing to Nanking Abdicates to military. Falls into Warlordism. PRC: Maoist Command 1949, CCP wins civil war. Nationalist Party flees to Taiwan. , Collectivization and nationalization , Great Leap Forward PRC: Market Socialism 1977-Present 1977, Deng Xiaoping reforms communism. 1989, Tiananmen Square 1992, Accelerated reforms 1997, Technocracy and stabilization Source:
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Political Economy: Qing, Merchantile
3 Political Economy: Qing, Merchantile FEATURES Monarchy Mostly Agricultural Concentrated Land Ownership Rapidly Growing Merchant Class Self sufficient. Little need for imports. Large trade surpluses with foreign nations. Silver reserves. Conservative Officials and Bureaucrats did not want to modernize. Source:
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4 Qing Imperial Government Promoted or Controlled Sea Faring Merchants
Grand Canal (Goods North) Local Granaries Copper and Silver Coin Hands Off (except taxation) Foreign Trade Gonghang (Guilds) Regional Markets Local Markets Farming Occupations Remittance Banks Paper Remittance 4 Information Source: Synthesized from and
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5 Canton Beijing Nanking Source: Ian Kiu, 23 January 2008
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6 Source: "Kangxi Emperor's Southern Inspection Tour" 1690 by Wang Hui”
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6a Source: "Kangxi Emperor's Southern Inspection Tour" 1690 by Wang Hui”
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7 Source:
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Political Economy: Qing, Colonized
8 Political Economy: Qing, Colonized Monarchy Defeated during Opium Wars and Boxer Rebellion Forced to open trade Foreign spheres of influence Industrialized, but still largely agricultural Concentrated Land Ownership Provincial leaders hostile toward westernization and colonialization. Source:
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Political Economy: Republic, Warlordism
18 Political Economy: Republic, Warlordism 1911, Xinhai Revolution Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Nationalist allied against Warlords. 1927 Military head of Nationalist party creates military republic. Tries to wipe out CCP. CCP forced into isolation. Devolves into Warlordism. Maintains open trade, semi-colonial Concentrated Land Ownership 1937, Japanese invasion weakens Nationalists. Source:
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Mao Zedong Sun Yat-sen mou tzā’ dūng sē chē suen yat’-sin
Qing Empress CiXi Mao Zedong Sun Yat-sen mou tzā’ dūng sē chē suen yat’-sin
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22 International (Big) Bourgeoisie {boar·zwŏ·zē}
Nationalist Party (Republic of China) Left Wing Classes (Proletariat) Proletariat Peasants Poor Peasants Semi Proletariat Industrial Workers Semi-owner Peasants Shop Assistants Peddlers Right Wing Classes (Bourgeoisie) Middle Warlords Feudal Landlord Owner Peasants Comprador (Management Foreign Firms) Petty Master Crafts Intellectuals & Students Teachers Govt. Clerks Office Clerks Small Lawyers Small Traders 22 Source: Synthesized from Mao – 1926 Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society, and 1927 Report on the Peasant Movement. Thanks to Michael Franc Wright, Black Worker’s Congress, for help in understanding Mao’s “Middle Bourgeoisie”.
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Political Economy: CCP Under Mao
23 Political Economy: CCP Under Mao Post Civil War Repaired transportation and communications. Unified money system. Tightened credit. Nationalized banks. Govt budgets under state control. State companies compete with private firms. 83% of private firms become SOEs. 45% of arable land transferred to nonowner peasants. Collectivized in 6 or 7 household production units. 1st Five- Year Plan, Great Leap Forwar d, Cultural Revoluti on Industrial development over agricultural. Focus on high capital industries. 67.5% of all industry state owned. 32.5% industry public-private partnerships. 100% of private firms become SOEs. 91.7% handicrafts organized into cooperatives. 93.55% of all farm households belong to cooperatives. 1957, Surplus farm labor, backyard industrial use, like making steel. 98% farm population, large communes. Families dorms. Mass dining halls. Child care. Mothers work in the field. Farms and factories over managed by experience cadres. Industry grows 55%, then drops 54%, agriculture drops 29%. 14 million die of starvation. Recovery, cultural revolution. Source: Library of Congress, Country Study -
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Political Economy: CCP, Post Mao Reformers
25 Political Economy: CCP, Post Mao Reformers dung’ shou ping jow’ zhu’men hō’ cēntao shē’ ginping Present Source:
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Political Economy: CCP Reforms, 1979 - Present
26 Political Economy: CCP Reforms, Present Recognized that they could not plan and foresee everything Inflexible, could respond to internal and external demands and shocks to the system Reduced central planning Began using supply and demand to gauge needs and wants, instead of quotas, but sellers and buyers had to agree on prices. Created special economic zones for free enterprise. Reduced size of and sold State Owned Enterprises and formed Private-Public Partnerships Still control most of the commanding heights of the economy – Banking, Natural Resources, Transportation, Power Generation, etc. Source: Library of Congress, Country Study -
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27 Source: Library of Congress, Country Study -
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Industrial Enterprises
28 Political Economy: CCP, Present Industrial Enterprises Share of SOEs in
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Electrical Generation Sector
29 Political Economy: CCP, Present Electrical Generation Sector Source: Australian National Uni -
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Political Economy: CCP, 1979 - Present
30 Political Economy: CCP, Present GDP Growth Rate Source: World Bank
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Political Economy: CCP, 1979 - Present
31 Political Economy: CCP, Present $15,500 GNI Per Capita Source: World Bank
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Political Economy: CCP, 1979 - Present
32 Political Economy: CCP, Present Source: World Bank
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Country Case Study: China
Leo Gibson Nathan Rabiej James Ricks Ryan Wang Country Case Study: China PSCI 105, Fall 2017
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