1. Unit Essential Question: What events led to the rise of absolute monarchies and the development of centralized nation-states in Europe?
AIM: How did Philip II extend Spain’s power and help establish a golden age?
Do Now: Review from 9th Grade
*What do we already know about Spain by the start of the 1500s?

2. After fall of Rome – Visigoths take over Iberian peninsula around 415 and remain for centuries. Helped keep classical works alive because of large collection of Roman wreckage.
Muslim Berbers (North African Muslims) take over Peninsula. Keep heading towards France but Charles Martel stops them at the Battle of Tours in 732.
Over next 500 years, the Ummayads, Abassids and Magyars all fight for control of peninsula, finally with the Catholics expelling most Muslims in early 1100s and feudalism then is instituted.

3. By 1500, Spain had shaken off its feudal past and emerged as the first modern European power.
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand – unified the country, enforced religious unity, and commanded the Spanish conquest of the Americas

4. Charles V Inherits Two Crowns
1516 – Charles I (16), grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand, became King of Spain
1519 – other grandfather dies, Charles I becomes the heir to the Hapsburg Empire (Holy Roman Empire and Netherlands)
Name changes to Charles V
Ruling two empires involved Charles in constant warfare
1556 – Charles V gave up his titles, abdicates the throne and enters a monastery
Divides his empire, gives Hapsburg lands to brother Ferdinand & Spain/Netherlands/overseas empire to son Philip -> Philip II
Hapsburg Empire - Rudolf I (died 1291), the first of nineteen emperors from the house of Habsburg, a noble family of Swiss origin, came to power in His defeat of King Otakar II of Bohemia (r. 1253–78) five years later gained significant territorial holdings for the Habsburgs in Austria, the cornerstone of their empire. By the sixteenth century, the imperial title was long regarded as hereditary, allowing the Habsburg dominion to expand dramatically over continental Europe not only through military conquest but also through carefully chosen marriage alliances.
Constant Warfare – devout Catholic, fought to suppress Protestantism in the German states (failed), faced Muslim Ottoman Empire (Suleiman) which were still growing the land mass of their empire, Ottoman naval forces continued to challenge Spanish power in the Mediterranean.
Abdicates – b/c Hapsburg empire proved to be too scattered and hard to handle because of size for any one person to rule.

6. Philip II Solidifies Power
Philip II makes Spain the foremost power in Europe.
42 year reign – expanded Spanish influence, strengthened Catholic Church, made his power absolute.
Hardworking, devout and ambitious
Escorial

7. Centralizing Power
Centralizes power – every part of the government responsible to him
Reigned as an absolute monarch
Divine Right
“Guardian of the Roman Catholic Church”

8. Rise of Spain Philip’s strategies to expand: 1. War
Gained kingdom of Portugal
2. Wealth
Silver and gold from Americas
3. Marriage
Build alliances & pacify potential enemies
Problem: Renaissance women did not live long
Philip II’s Marriages
Maria
Portugal
Anna
Austria
Mary “Bloody Mary’ Tudor
England
Elizabeth Valois
France

9. Battles in the Mediterranean & the Netherlands
Battle of Lepanto 1571 – Spain defeats Ottoman fleet off coast of Greece
Battled rebels for 21 years:
Present day Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg
Protestants and Catholics alike opposed high taxes and autocratic Spanish rule

10. The Armada
To end English attacks and subdue the Dutch Philip prepares a huge armada
1588: Spanish Armada 130 ships, 20,000 men and 2,400 pieces of artillery
English, under Queen Elizabeth I, outmaneuvered the Spanish

11. An Empire Declines
Throughout the 1600s, Spain’s strength and prosperity decreased.
1. Philip II’s successors ruled far less ably
2. Economic problems
3. Influx of American gold and silver led to soaring inflation

12. Spain’s Golden Age 1550-1650 Spain’s Siglo de Oro
Brilliance of its arts and literature
El Greco – famous painter
Miguel de Cervantes – most important writer to Spain’s golden age.
Don Quixote – Europe’s first modern novel
Siglo de Oro – golden century

13. Activity Independently read and annotate excerpt of Don Quixote
Create a visual representation of your section.
Class discussion of novel and Medieval Europe

14. Let’s Summarize…

15. AIM: How did France become the leading power of Europe under the absolute rule of Louis XIV?
Do Now: Review from 9th Grade
*What do we already know about France by the start of the 1500s?

16. Paleolithic Age: Caves at Lascaux, oldest traces of human life in France 1.8 million years ago
600 BC Ionian Greeks created colonies in present-day French territory, 5th – 3rd century BC Gallic Celtic tribes -> creates Gaul
Franks – Germanic tribe that invaded ‘France’ after the fall of Rome (476). Clovis I (King of the Franks) unites all Frankish tribes
Charles Martel 732 Battle of Tours – his son, Pepin the Short, sets up the Carolingian dynasty
Charlemagne (Martel’s grandson) - reunites all Frankish kingdoms and builds empire across western and central Europe
After death – France becomes a very decentralized state
987- Hugh Capet becomes king of the Franks – his descendants are the Capetians – House of Valois and House of Bourbons
Late 1400s, France drives out the English and enters a period of peace.
By 1500s, rivalry with Charles V and religious conflict plunges kingdom into turmoil

17. Religious Strife
1560s-1590s: religious wars between the Catholic majority and French Protestants (Huguenots) tore France apart
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: August 24th, 1572.
Symbolizes complete breakdown of order in France
3,000 Huguenots were massacred at the square of town.

18. Henry IV Restores Order
1589: Henry IV, Huguenot prince inherits throne
To end conflict he converts to Catholicism
Edict of Nantes (1598): grants Huguenots religious toleration
Issues edict to protect protestants

19. Cardinal Richelieu
1610: Louis III inherits throne (only 9!) when Henry IV is assassinated
1624: Louis appoints Richelieu as his chief minister
Spends the next 18 years devoted to strengthening the central government
Worked to destroy Huguenots and nobles
Handpicked successor: Cardinal Mazarin

20. An Absolute Monarch Rises
1643: Louis XIV inherits throne at 5 years old
1661: Mazarin dies, 23 year old Louis takes complete control of government
“I Am the State” (“L’etat, c’est moi”)
Divine Right to Rule
Takes Sun as symbol of absolute power
Estates General did not meet from
Fronde – nobles, merchants, peasants and urban poor each rebelled
Great-grandfather is Philip II of Spain
Estates General: medieval council made up from representatives of all French social classes did not meet once, played no role in checking royal power.
Intendants went to wealthy middle class men = cements ties with middle class, checks power of nobles and church

21. Strengthens Royal Power
Expands bureaucracy
Appoints intendants: royal officials who collected taxes, recruited soldiers, and carried out policies in provinces
French army – strongest in Europe
Jean-Baptiste Colbert – imposes mercantilist policies to bolster economy
Jean Baptiste – Louis finance minister

22. Versailles: Symbol of Royal Power
Versailles: immense palace of Louis XIV built in countryside of Paris
homepage
No expense spared
Most magnificent building in Europe
Vast majority of French people were not nobles and so never set foot in Versailles

23. A Strong State Declines
Louis XIV ruled France for 72 years
At end of his reign, France was the strongest state in Europe
Louis’s decisions eventually caused France’s prosperity to erode
1. Poured vast resources into wars to expand French borders
2. Balance of Power
3. Persecuting Huguenots – 100,000 fled France. Serious blow to French economy
Longest monarch to ever rule
Dutch and English constantly formed alliances to maintain balance of power.
Louis XIV’s grandson Philip V inherited throne of Spain – fought by England and neighbors “War of the Spanish Succession”
France signs Treaty of Utrecht – never unite the two crowns
Huguenots were among the hardest working and most prosperous. Similar to expulsion of Spanish Muslims and Jews to Spain

24. Activity: Louis XIV and Versailles
1. Class will read “A Day in the Life of the Sun King”.
2. With a partner complete part I (5 points)
3. Independently complete either option for part II (10 points)

25. Let’s Summarize…

26. AIM: How did the British Parliament assert its rights against royal claims to absolute power in the 1600s?
Do Now: Review from 9th Grade
*What do we already know about England by the start of the 1500s?

27. The Tudors (1485-1603) -Worked with Parliament
Henry VII & Elizabeth of York = 3 Children, Henry VIII (becomes King), Margaret, Mary
Henry VIII = when Henry broke away from the Catholic Church, he turned to Parliament to legalize his actions. Parliament approved the Act of Supremacy, making the monarch head of the Church in England. A constant need for money also led Henry to consult Parliament frequently (quickly used up his funds fighting overseas wars) – needs Parliaments approval to levy new taxes. They became ACCUSTOMED to being CONSULTED on important matters EVEN THOUGH they typically voted as Henry’s agents instructed.
Elizabeth I = she both consulted and controlled Parliament
-Worked with Parliament

28. Activity: Elizabeth: The Golden Age
Video Clips and Discussion

29. The Stuarts
James I (1603) – agreed to rule according to English laws and customs; soon was lecturing Parliament about “divine right.”
Constant clash over money and foreign policy
Clashed with dissenters (Protestants) who differed with the Church of England
Ex: Puritans
1603 – Elizabeth dies childless; heir is relative James Stuart, the ruling king of Scotland.
The Stuarts were neither as popular nor as skillful in dealing with Parliament as the Tudors. They also inherited problems that Henry and Elizabeth had long suppressed.

30. Parliament & the Stuarts
1625: Charles I inherits throne
Behaved like an absolute monarch
1628: Petition of Right
Prohibits the king from raising taxes without Parliament’s consent or from jailing anyone without legal justification
Charles signs, dissolves Parliament the next year and for 11 years rules the nation without them.
1640: summons Parliament to suppress Scottish rebellion, they launch their own revolt
The Long Parliament
Its actions triggered the greatest political revolution in English history
-imprisoned foes without trial, squeezed the nations for money
1628: needs to raise taxes so Charles is forced to summon Parliament
During the 11 years he ruled without Parliament he made BITTER ENEMIES, especially the Puritans
Long Parliament actions: tried and executed Charles’s chief ministers, called for an abolition of bishops and declared that Parliament could not be dissolved without its own consent

31. The English Civil War
Between Parliament’s “Roundheads” and Charles I’s “Cavaliers”
Roundheads – led by Oliver Cromwell
Parliamentary forces eventually win around 1647
In 1649: Charles is executed
Link to video clip. Charles’ execution
Why is it a big deal that a king was executed?

32. The English Commonwealth
Parliament (the House of Commons), abolishes the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the Church of England.
Declares England a republic, or Commonwealth, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell
Commonwealth falls apart in upon Cromwell’s death
Groups in favor of monarchy begin to gain power

33. Oliver Cromwell – Monty Python Lyrics
Lyric Analysis and Discussion

34. Monarchy Restored
Charles II works with Parliament to repair shattered nation
Clash over wanting to restore Catholicism to England
1678: Charles dissolves Parliament and builds monarchy’s power
James II – continues to push for Catholic power and incites backlash
Flees England in 1688

35. Glorious Revolution
William and Mary become England’s monarchs with Parliament’s blessing
English Bill of Rights – ensures the superiority of Parliament over the monarchy
Creates a limited monarchy

36. Constitutional Government Evolves
Constitutional Government: a government whose power is defined and limited by law
Political Parties emerge
The Cabinet System: handful of Parliamentary advisors set policy
Office of the Prime Minister: head of cabinet

37. Let’s Summarize…

38. Do Now: Review from 9th Grade: What was the Holy Roman Empire?
AIM: How did the two great empires of Austria and Prussia emerge from the Thirty Years’ War and subsequent events?
Do Now:
Review from 9th Grade: What was the Holy Roman Empire?

39. The Thirty Years’ War A series of wars
Began in Bohemia – Ferdinand (Catholic Hapsburg King) sought to suppress Protestants and assert royal power over nobles
Defenestration of Prague -> sparked a general revolt
What began as a local conflict widened into a general European war.
Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Poland, Netherlands, Sweden
By 1600s, the Holy Roman Empire became a patchwork of several, hundred small, separate states.
May 1618 –a few rebellious protestant noblemen tossed two royals out of a castle window in Prague (PRESENT DAY CZECH REPUBLIC)

40. The Thirty Years’ War Mercenaries – soldiers for hire
Burned villages, destroyed crops, killed without mercy
Murder & torture = followed by famine and disease
Led to a severe depopulation
1/3 population in German states loss

41. The Thirty Years’ War 1648: Peace of Westphalia
tried to bring about a general European peace and settle other international problems
Outcome:
France = winner
Hapsburgs = lose Holy Roman Empire
Netherlands and Swiss Federation become independent states
German lands divided into 360 separate states (remain fragmented for 223 years)

43. Hapsburg Austria
Austria – adds Bohemia, Hungary, parts of Poland and some Italian states to their land.
The War of Austrian Succession – Frederick II of Prussia vs. Maria Theresa
Maria Theresa: preserves empire and strengthens Hapsburg power

44. Hohenzollern Prussia Prussia emerges as a new Protestant power
Frederick William I – sets up an efficient central bureaucracy
Gives Prussian nobles positions in the army and government
Forges one of the best-trained armies in Europe
Frederick II – continues to use disciplined army, forcing all to recognize Prussia as a great power
“Frederick the Great”
How does giving nobles positions increase his power? Work in his favor?

45. Rivalry of Great Powers
Austria, Prussia, France, Britain and Russia
All formed alliances to maintain the balance of power
Two key rivalries:
France v Britain
Prussia v Austria

46. Silent Discussion Steps:
1) Students travel silently around the room, choosing one of the issues to respond to at a time. You then write responses silently.
2) Provide Specifics. Analyze the specific. Explain WHY you believe the particular way you do.
3) Next, students silently read the first responses to the questions and counter- respond in writing to two or three of them.
4) When the silent response time is completed, time can be used to read the responses out loud, to elaborate orally on any of the issues that cannot remain silenced and/or to evaluate the experience.

47. Let’s Summarize…

48. AIM: How did Peter the Great and Catherine the Great strengthen Russia and expand its territory?
Do Now: Review from 9th Grade
*What do we already know about Russia by the start of the 1500s?

49. Rivers linked Russia to the Byzantine empire
Early Russia
Eurasian plain
3 zones
Northern forests
Fertile middle
Southern steppe
Steppe – open, treeless grassland
Rivers
Dnieper
Volga
Rivers linked Russia to the Byzantine empire

50. Slavs Byzantines Mongols Vikings Early Russia The Varangians
863 –
Adapt Greek alphabet
2 Greek monks
1. Cyril
2. Methodius
Cyrillic alphabet
Written script
The Slavs
Southern Russia
During Roman times
Simple political organization
Clans
The Varangians
700s & 800s
Vikings
Scandinavia
Expert sailors
Integrated with the Slavs
Absorbed into culture
1200s
Genghiz Khan
“World Emperor”
Golden Horde
Tolerance
Russian Orthodox
Church
Heavy taxes
Serfdom increases
New trade routes
China & Eastern Europe
Women
Isolation
Slavery
Absolute Power
Model for later Russian rulers
No contact with Western Europe
Missed advances in arts & sciences
Early Russia

51. The Ivan's Oprichniki Ivan the Great (III) – 1462-1505
Driving force behind Moscow’s successes
Limit power of boyars (great landowning nobles)
Took title of czar “Caesar”
Ivan the Terrible (IV) –
Centralized royal power
Kept feudalism/manor system
Completely unstable
Oprichniki
Political + Spiritual center
Russian Orthodox Church capital
Princes of Moscow = defenders against foreigners
1380 – defeated Golden Horde
By the time Ivan IV had taken the throne – absolutism had reached its highest height.

52. Peter the Great 1697 – Journeyed to the West
Policy of westernization: the adoption of western ideas, technology and culture.
Became the most autocratic of Europe’s absolute monarchs
Strengthen the military
Expand Russian borders
Centralize royal power

53. Expansion Under Peter Search for a warm-water port War with Sweden
St. Petersburg
Toward the Pacific

54. Legacy of Peter the Great?
Does he deserve the moniker ‘the great’?

55. Catherine the Great A German princess – marries Czar Peter III
An efficient ruler
Ruthless absolute monarch
Partition (division) of Poland

56. Peter I Read biography of Peter the Great
Independently answer question #1
Discuss #1 with a small group
With a partner, create a speech pretending you are Peter the Great

57. Let’s Summarize…