Parents and Teens: While waiting for the presentation to begin, please review the following statements together. True or False? Peers have the greatest.

Parents and Teens: While waiting for the presentation to begin, please review the following statements together. True or False? Peers have the greatest influence on teen driving behaviors. True or False? The brain matures by age 25. True or False? The family car is the safest car for teens to drive. True or False? Everyone sitting in the front seat MUST wear a seat belt. True or False? Driving curfew is from midnight until 4 a.m. True or False? Virginia law allows drivers, age seventeen (17), to have three (3) passengers in the car. True or False? Drivers under the age of 18 may use a cell phone but cannot text message while driving a vehicle. True or False? The safest position to place your hands on the steering wheel for most driving situations is 9 o’clock and 3 o’clock. 1 1

Meeting Protocols The doors will close promptly at the start of the presentation. Anyone leaving early will not receive credit for attending the presentation. Reminders: Turn off all cell phones and electronic devices. Begin filling the auditorium from the front. Parents and students MUST sit together. Complete the registration card in your packet. The registration card will be collected at the end of the presentation. 2 2

Partners for Safe Teen Driving
Slide #3: Welcome to this evenings presentation of Partners for Safe Teen Driving! (Provide your site-specific information.) Please turn OFF cell phones. Students and their parents should be sitting together. Parents, you are here because not only do you hold the keys to the car, you are the KEY to keeping kids safe. The research clearly indicates that parents have the greatest influence on teen behaviors. Parents you must talk about and set clear expectations of driver safety for your family. As driver educators we can lay the foundation for safe driving behaviors by providing your child with the essential knowledge and skills to make good decisions. As parents you can then build a sound structure of rules and consequences that will help your teenager make fewer risk-taking choices. 3

Parents are Key Video link to Teen Driving: Parents are Key

Presentation Goals/Topics
Parents Matter! The Teenage Brain Teen Driving Risks Graduated Licensing Laws in Virginia Driver Education Interacting with Law Enforcement Parent/Teen Driving Contract Slide #4: During this presentation we will address each of the following topics (quickly read list) 5

Parents Matter! While driving skills are important, they do not reduce risky driving behaviors. Slide #5 While learning driving skills is very important, driving skills alone do not reduce risky behaviors. Risky behaviors are bad decisions that have little to do with driving skill. Study after study has shown that parent involvement does reduce risky behavior, and it significantly reduces teen driving crashes by up to 50%! What risky behaviors do you see in this slide? (No seat belt use, seat is not properly adjusted – arms are extended with elbows locked, and their expressions indicate that they are not taking the driving task very seriously) Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 6

Who’s in Control? A National Young Driver Survey found that TEENS who had PARENTS who Were involved, helpful, and supportive (Authoritative Parents) and Set rules, and monitored those rules Were HALF as likely to be in a crash, and had the SAFEST driving records. Slide #7 Parents you must be proactive and communicate that you are in control to keep your children safe! Their lives depend on it, and as indicated by this research, teens need their parents to be in control. Teens you will learn, if you haven’t already, that trust is something that is earned, and through responsible actions and decisions can be sustained. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 7

Don’t change because of a tragedy - change to avoid tragedy
Slide #9 Be proactive and establish preventive measures that will prevent a tragedy from occurring. We should not change because of a tragedy. (Video next slide) 8

Slide #8 We do not want this to happen to any child in this room. That is why we are here tonight. 9

What is the PARENTS’ Role in Teen Driving?
Parents must: Delay licensure if necessary. Model safe driving behaviors. Provide guided practice in low-, moderate- and high-risk driving environments. Supervise and place limits on independent driving conditions. Suspend driving privileges if the teen is not demonstrating responsible behaviors. Slide #6 Although the General Assembly allows your child to get a license at 16 years and 3 months of age, you, the parent, not the state, is in the best position to determine whether your child is ready to drive alone at that age. When you have determined that your child is ready to drive, there are several other ways that you can help your child become a safe driver. Are YOU a good role model? Children learn from the choices adults make, and parents are the most important teachers for their children. Do as I say, not as I do just does not work. For example, if a parent does not wear a seatbelt, it will be hard to convince the child to wear a seatbelt. The 45-hour parent/teen driving guide will help you structure your child’s driving experiences in low-, moderate- and high-risk driving environments. Using this guide you can develop a comprehensive plan so your child will receive meaningful guided practice, and you will not just “drive” to fulfill the state’s 45 hour driving requirement. Allowing your child to get a license does not mean your child no longer needs your supervision and guidance. By placing restrictions on high-risk driving, such as driving at night or with passengers, you will make your child much safer. If your child is not demonstrating responsible behaviors, you the parent must suspend your child’s driving privileges. Virginia law puts parents in the driver’s seat to monitor safe teen driving behaviors and it empowers parents to suspend their driving privileges if they are not demonstrating safe and responsible behaviors. 10

Parental Management of Teen Driving
Setting initial limits on teen drivers is key. Once granted, privileges are hard to take away. Slide #8 Parents you must establish “family laws” that place limits on when, where, and with whom your child may drive. Don’t assume the state laws will keep your child safe. 11

Parental Management of Teen Driving
Be gatekeepers of vehicle use and driving privileges. Enforce teen graduated licensing laws and create “family laws”. Slide #11 Parents can act as gatekeepers minimizing your child’s exposure to risk by devising a plan that provides graduated, controlled access to the family vehicle. State laws represent the minimum restrictions placed on new drivers. Family laws on the other hand, crafted by you, the parent, the person who knows your child the best, will make your child much, much safer. To protect your child your family laws includes state laws such as no cell phones and no text messaging, and other restrictions such as no passengers, no night driving, and no tickets. 12 12

True or False? Peers have the greatest influence on teen driving behaviors. Please raise your hand if you think this statement is true. Slide #12 Please raise your hand if you believe this statement is true: Peers have the greatest influence on teen driving behaviors. 13

False! Eighty-nine percent (89%) of teens identified their PARENTS as the top influencer. The next three were: 1. Law Enforcement 2. Friends/Peers 3. Driver Education Teachers Slide #13 That is false! Nine out of 10 teen drivers identified their parents as having the greatest influence on their driving behaviors. The next most influential groups, in order, are law enforcement, peers, and driver educators. 14 The Allstate Foundation Survey

Do Parents “Know What They Don’t Know”?
Ninety-three percent (93%) of parents feel they are prepared to teach their teen to drive but 60% are not familiar with the juvenile licensing laws, and 40% think most teen crashes are due to drunk driving, while in reality most crashes are due to driver error. Slide #14 Although the overwhelming majority of parents say they feel prepared to teach their child to drive, more than half do not know the juvenile licensing laws, and 40% of parents do not know the cause of most teen crashes. 15 Allstate Foundation Survey

What Do Parents Say and Do?
Less than 1/3 of parents say teens are good drivers, but 88% trust their teen to drive safely. 55% believe if their teen was in a crash it would be someone else’s fault. Slide #15 According to this Allstate Foundation survey, 2 out of 3 parents do not believe OTHER teens are good drivers. Yet most parents trust their teens to drive safely, and more than half believe that if a mishap were to occur it would be someone else’s fault. Allstate Foundation Survey 16

What Do Parents Say and Do? (continued)
48% believe more lenient parents make it difficult to control their own teen’s driving behavior. 24% have allowed their teen to drive against their better judgment. Slide #16 This same study also revealed that almost half the parents surveyed believe that other parents, who are more lenient, make it much more difficult for them to control their own child’s behavior; and one out of 4 of these parents also admitted to allowing their child to drive against their better judgment. So, we are now back to our original question: “Who is in Control?” Allstate Foundation Survey 17

Parents Have the Greatest Influence on Teens
Slide #17 Parents should always model safe driving behaviors as children learn from the choices adults make. 18

Parents As Role Models 99% of parents believe demonstrating good driving behavior is important, but… 71% still talk on the phone while driving, and 26% admit to having broken traffic laws. Slide #19 So, if you make the choice to speed or talk on the phone, remember, your child is watching and learning. Being an “experienced driver” does not excuse your bad habits. Parent’s choices help kids form opinions on acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. Allstate Foundation Survey 20 20

Do Parents Place Adequate Limits on Teen Drivers?
In the first few months, most parents allow teens to drive unsupervised in risky situations, such as: 90% allow teens to drive after dark. 77% allow teens to drive with friends. 70% allow teens to drive in bad weather. Slide #20 9 out of 10 of the parents in this survey allowed their teens to drive after dark. In addition, three out of four of these parents allowed their teen to drive with passengers and in bad weather. When are you going to allow your child to drive at night, have passengers, or drive unsupervised in bad weather? Only you can determine when your child is ready to handle these driving risks. Parents who take control and establish preventive measures can reduce the teen’s exposure to risk and help prevent a tragedy. Allstate Foundation Survey 21

Good Equals Safe? Adult view: Safe driving = Good driving
Teens view: Good driving = Skilled driving but not necessarily safe driving Teen perspective: “Driving dangerously shows that I’m a skilled driver” Slide #21 What is safe driving? Is it skill? Is it good decision making? Is it ticket-free driving? Parents and teens have different definitions of good driving. Parents believe a good driver is a safe driver. A driver who maintains a safe following distance, obeys the speed limit, and behaves like a responsible adult. While teens, on the other hand, believe that if they take a curve at a high rate of speed and they do not have a crash they are good drivers. They may be skilled, but they are not safe. The researchers think this huge difference in perception of “safe” is due to the fact that the part of the brain that understands risk is not fully developed in the teen. Allstate Foundation 22

True or False? The brain does not mature until about age 25.
Please stand if you believe this statement is true. Slide #23 Please stand if you believe this statement is true: the brain does not mature until about age 25. 23

True! Frontal Lobe The Frontal Lobe is the area of the brain that controls understanding consequences and suppressing impulses and does not mature until about 25 years of age. Slide #24 That is true! The brain is about 80% developed in adolescents. The largest part of the brain, the cortex, is divided into lobes that mature from back to front. The last section to connect is the frontal lobe, responsible for cognitive processes such as reasoning, planning, and judgment. Normally this mental merger is not completed until age 25. The teenage brain, however, is not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it. Teens have very sharp brains, but they’re not quite sure what to do with them. Frontline: Inside the Teenage Brain 24

The Teenage Brain The teen brain has a tendency to underestimate dangerous situations. It is attracted to thrill-seeking and other experiences that create intense feelings. This is why teens often speed, weave in and out of traffic, follow too closely, talk on their cell phones, or drive while fatigued or intoxicated. Slide #25 The teenage brain lacks the ability to effectively manage risks and this is why teens speed, talk on their phones, weave in and out of traffic, follow too closely, or drive when they are tired or intoxicated. Consequently, parents must step in and “serve as their frontal lobe” as the teenage brains have difficulty making these risk-management decisions on their own. 25

Teen Driver Risks Inexperience/Immaturity Thrill Seeking
Teenaged Passengers Multitasking Not Using Seat Belts Slide #26 Motor vehicle crashes can happen to anyone—even the "good" teens. ALL new drivers lack experience and are therefore more likely to crash. The young brain’s vulnerabilities also include the feelings of invincibility and an attraction to thrill seeking and other intense feelings. Adding fuel to this fire are souped-up hormones that effect excitability and mood. So, how does the teenage brain handle a yellow light? It says, “Do I stop, or do I try to “beat it?” How the teen driver handles these type of driving decisions is a very good indicator of his or her maturity level. Thrill seeking--some teenage brains love thrill seeking. Do you remember thrill-seeking activities that you engaged in as a teen that you would not do now? That’s because better decisions come with brain development, experience, and maturity. Teenaged passengers—with passengers the teen brain must decide whether to pay attention to their friends or focus on driving. All the research clearly indicates that passengers significantly increase the teen driver’s crash risk. Multitasking -- teens are attracted to, and we all are bombarded by information in this electronic age. Parents, you need to teach your teen driver how to manage these distractions. Not wearing seatbelts -- some teen brains are able to understand the safety benefits of seatbelts, while others do not value safety, or they are at a stage that they think wearing a seatbelt is not cool. 26

Teen Driver Risks (continued)
Nighttime Driving Alcohol, Marijuana and Other Drugs Vehicle Type Lack of Parental Management Slide #27 How does the teen handle nighttime driving? Teens get very limited exposure to driving at night with their parents, and teens are also notoriously sleep-deprived. How does an immature brain handle alcohol, marijuana and other drugs? The teenaged brain has difficulty understanding consequences and risks, and unfortunately may not think twice about driving while impaired. How does the type of vehicle affect the teen driver’s behavior? If you are planning to give your teen a shiny red sports car, that may not be the best choice for your child. They will be much less likely to race in the family van. How does the teenage brain handle a lack of parental guidance? The science is very clear: parents matter and good parenting can significantly reduce teen crashes and prevent a tragedy. 27

Teen Crashes in Virginia
Of the 120,513 motor vehicle crashes in VA in 2008 7% involved year olds 11% involved year olds Slide #28 It’s interesting to note that the crash data shows older teenagers with more driving experience have more crashes. This higher crash rate for older teens is attributed to their having more driving privileges, fewer restrictions, and less parental supervision. Teens are more likely than adults to be involved in a crash. Virginia Traffic Crash Facts: Department of Motor Vehicles, 2011 28

What Causes Teen Crashes?
Evidence shows that it is NOT poor driving skills that cause crashes among teen drivers. Slide #29 Most teen crashes are caused by attitude and a lack of experience, not poor driving skill. Teens who take more risks have set themselves up to crash regardless of their driving skills. Attitudes evolve over time and can be either positive or negative. Attitudes can be changed through experience and persuasion. Parents have the most influence over their children’s attitudes. An example of a negative attitude would be: I can drink alcohol and still drive well. A positive attitude on the other hand would be: “I’m a responsible, young adult who takes driving seriously.” It is inexperience and attitude. 29

Reducing Teen Driving Risks
Driving Inexperience: New drivers need a lot of guided practice to recognize and correctly respond to potential driving hazards. Lack of Maturity: Teens can act like adults or like children depending on the circumstances and their motivation. Slide #30 Whenever you learn a new skill such as how to swim, play the piano, or drive a car, you need a lot of guided practice. That’s why we hire piano teachers, athletic coaches and driver education teachers. Athletes, musicians: Do you practice your driving as much as you practice your sport or music? Do professional athletes and musicians practice throughout their careers? Unfortunately, the driver education teacher only gets a limited amount of time driving with your child. Parents, however, have the opportunity to spend a significant amount of time guiding their child. Consequently, meaningful guided practice of at least 45 hours with a parent is critical to keeping your teens safe. The teen brain also grows and matures at different rates. I’m sure most parents are able to share stories of their teenager’s ability to act both like a child and like an adult. When driving, teens need to act like an adult. 30

Teen Fatalities Not just a TEEN problem
Two out of every three people killed in a crash involving a teen driver were not teens. Slide #31 Car crashes are the #1 killer of teens in the USA, and they take about 3,000 young lives every year. That's 8 teen deaths each day that can be prevented. We tend to think that teens only kill other teens. But that’s not true. 2 out of 3 people killed in crashes involving a teen driver were not teens. AAA Foundation 31

What is the Safest Car? Slide #32
Do you know which car is the safest car? 32

True or False? The family car is the safest car for your teen to drive. Thumbs up if you think this statement is true, or thumbs down if you think it is false. Slide #33 Give a thumbs up if you believe the statement is true, or thumbs down if you believe this statement is false: “The family car the safest car.” 33

True! The safest car is the FAMILY CAR!
Slide #34 This is true! The family car is by far the safest car! 34

Primary Versus Shared Access to Vehicles
Teens who have primary access to a vehicle are more than TWICE as likely to CRASH. Primary access is defined as being the “main driver” of a vehicle rather than sharing a vehicle with other family members. Slide #35 Parents who have a car waiting in the driveway for their new driver may want to rethink this arrangement since the research indicates their child will be twice as likely to be in a crash. By having a “family car” the teen will have to ask to borrow it. This provides the parents the opportunity to review family rules and restrictions, and to control access to the vehicle which will make their teen driver much safer. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 35

Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol
Drinking and driving is illegal at any age, and is especially dangerous for teens who are inexperienced drivers and inexperienced drinkers. Slide #36 Drinking and driving is illegal at any age. The research indicates alcohol damages the young, developing brain cells and the teen brain is more susceptible than their adult counterparts to alcohol-induced toxicity. An experiment in which rat brain cells were exposed to alcohol showed alcohol blocks certain synaptic activity. When the alcohol was removed, the adult cells recovered while the adolescent cells remained “disabled.” In addition to drinking alcohol, some teens are also experimenting with marijuana and are exposing themselves to a self-induced learning disability since studies show that the use of marijuana can block cell signaling in the brain. 36

Alcohol and Teen Crashes
One percent (1%) of drivers in alcohol-related crashes were years old. Four percent (1%) of drivers in alcohol-related crashes were years old. Where did they get the alcohol? Slide #37 As indicated in this slide, there are a small percentage of teens that are drinking and driving. While 1% may not sound like a lot, this is an age when it is against the law for teens to drink. So, do you know where these teens are getting the alcohol? Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles, 2011 37

The Truth About Teen Alcohol Use
A national survey showed that in a 30-day period, 28.5% of high school students nationwide had ridden one or more times in a vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol. Slide #38 In this national survey, one in four high school students reported having ridden in a car in the last month that was driven by someone who had been drinking. These survey results are a reminder to parents that they need to always know who their children are with. They need to establish a relationship with their children so that in the event their child has to choose between riding with an impaired driver, and calling home for a ride, they will choose to call their parents. It is also imperative that parents uphold their end of the bargain, and they recognize and compliment teens when they use good judgment and make mature decisions. Activity: All students please stand up – look at the person in front, behind, to your left and to your right – statistics show that one of you has ridden one or more times in a vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol. 38 CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance

Zero Tolerance Laws If under the age of 21, it is illegal to purchase, possess, or consume alcohol. If convicted, the court will suspend driving privileges for one year, impose a mandatory fine of $500 or the completion of at least 50 hours of community service. Slide #39 Most states have zero tolerance laws for underage drinking, and these laws cut down on drinking and driving and protect the young, developing brain. If your teen makes the mistake and attends a party where there is alcohol, the judge will impose a $500 fine or community service, and suspend your child’s license or the ability to get a license for one year. This suspension will also have an impact on your family’s car insurance. 39 Code of Virginia §

Ignition Interlock Is required on the first and any subsequent alcohol-related conviction Is a hand-held alcohol sensor that is wired into the vehicle’s electrical system that requires “rolling retests” every minutes Will not allow the vehicle to start if it detects alcohol, and the headlights will flash and the horn will honk if the driver fails to take to a rolling test Effective July 2012, a new Virginia law will require thousands of first-time drunk-driving offenders to install ignition interlock alcohol testing devices in their cars. This new law will lead to a fourfold increase in the number of people in Virginia who must use these ignition interlock devices - to more than 18,000 people. The fee for a typical six-month installation of an ignition interlock system is about $480. The device works like this: To start the vehicle the driver must blow into a device linked to the car’s ignition. When alcohol is detected, the car won’t start and the device will stop drunk driving. The device also requires random “rolling retests” once the driver is on the road. The results of the breath samples are recorded by the electronic log. If the offender’s breath alcohol content is higher than 0.02 or if the offender fails to submit a rolling re-test breath sample, the vehicle’s lights flash and the horn blows until the offender turns off the vehicle or submits a clean breath test.

Safety Belt Usage Teen drivers and passengers use safety belts less than any other age group. Safety belts keep teens in the car, and prevent them from hitting objects and passengers inside the vehicle. Slide #40 Teen drivers and teen passengers use safety belts less than any other age group. Safety belts keep teens in the car, and they also prevent them from hitting objects and passengers inside the vehicle. The simplest way to prevent car crash deaths is to buckle up. Require your teen to wear a safety belt on every trip. This simple step can reduce your teen’s risk of dying or being badly injured in a crash by about half. 41 Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles

Safety Belt Usage 52% of the 15- to 17-year-olds killed were not wearing seatbelts. 50% of the 18- to 19-year-olds killed were not wearing seatbelts. Slide #41 Half the teenagers killed in vehicle crashes in Virginia were not wearing a seat belt. Parents play a critical role in whether or not their children wear seat belts. Parents should model wearing a seat belt, enforce a strict family seat belt rule, and have zero tolerance for non usage. Wearing a seat belt becomes a habit over a short period of time, and buckling up is a very good habit to have! 42 Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles, 2011

Safety Belt Usage EVERYONE needs to buckle up!
Among fatally injured year-old occupants, seat belt use among passengers (32 percent) is about the same as drivers (31 percent). EVERYONE needs to buckle up! Virginia law requires everyone in the car under the age of 18 to wear a seat belt at all times. This is a primary offense and the driver of the vehicle will be charged.

Safety Belt Laws in Virginia True or False?
Everyone sitting in the front seat MUST wear a seat belt. Please stand if you think the statement above is true. Slide #44 Please stand if you think this statement is true: Everyone sitting in the front seat must wear a seat belt. 44

What is your “family law?”
True! Everyone sitting in the front seat MUST wear a seat belt. All persons under 18 must wear a seat belt regardless of where they are seated in the vehicle. Slide #45 This is true! Virginia law requires everyone in the front seat to wear a seat belt, and anyone less than 18 years of age must wear a seat belt regardless of where they are sitting in the vehicle. The simplest way to prevent car crash deaths is to buckle up. What is your “family law?” Code of Virginia § 45

High Speeds Most severe/fatal crashes for teens occur at high speeds, especially for males. As speed increases so do the crash risks, crash force, and crash severity. Slide #47 Why are more males killed in crashes? Because they tend to drive at higher speeds. Speed reduces reaction distance and increases the force of impact which results in more severe injuries and deaths. 47 Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles

Teens and Fatigue Teens require at least 9 hours of sleep, yet most get less than 6.5 hours each night. 16- to 24-year-olds comprise 14% of all drivers, but are involved in 50% of crashes caused by driving while fatigued. Slide #48 Stand up if you slept at least 8 hours last night. Teens require at least 9 hours of sleep, yet most teens get less than 6.5 hours each night. Young drivers are at highest risk for drowsy driving, which causes thousands of crashes every year. Young drivers comprise 14% of all drivers, yet they are involved in half of the crashes caused by driving while fatigued. Teens are most tired and at risk when driving in the early morning or late at night. Be sure your teen is fully rested before he or she gets behind the wheel. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 48

Teens and Fatigue (continued)
Driving while tired has been compared to driving while intoxicated. Being awake for 18 hours is similar to a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08. Slide #49 Driving while fatigued has been compared to driving while intoxicated. Being awake for 16 hours causes the brain to function at the same level as a brain that is legally intoxicated. Unfortunately, many teens are sleep deprived. For example: a high school student gets up for school at 6:00 on a Friday morning; goes to school and attends after-school activities; comes home, eats dinner, heads to a friend’s house at 9 pm; and then leaves the friend’s house at midnight. This student has been up for 18 hours; and if this student drives, he or she will be an impaired driver. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 49

For teens, the most severe crashes occur at night and on weekends.
Nighttime Driving For teens, the most severe crashes occur at night and on weekends. Slide #50 For all ages, fatal crashes are more likely to occur at night; but the risk is highest for teens. Low visibility and fatigue contributed to these crashes. Parents need to make sure their child receives adequate guided practice in these low visibility driving environments. They also need to closely monitor weekend activities and place restrictions on driving at night. 50

Fatal Crashes Day versus Night
Number of crashes Slide #51 This slide illustrates the disproportionate number of crashes that occur at night for young drivers during their first year of licensure. Make sure your teen is off the road by 9 or 10 p.m. for at least the first year of licensed driving. Driver’s Age 51 Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

Curfew Restrictions True or False?
Curfew is from midnight until 4 a.m. Please raise your hand if you think this statement is true. Slide #52 Raise you hand if you think this statement is true: In Virginia, curfew for drivers under the age of 18 is from midnight until 4 am. 52

Correct! This Statement is True!
Drivers under the age of 18, with a LEARNER’S PERMIT or LICENSE, may NOT drive from midnight to 4 a.m. EXCEPTIONS INCLUDE: In case of an emergency. When traveling to and from work or a school-sponsored event. When accompanied by a parent or other adult. When responding to an emergency call as a volunteer firefighter or rescue squad member. Code of Virginia § Slide #53 This is true! Under most circumstances, Virginia law protects young drivers and does not allow drivers under the age of 18, with a LEARNER’S PERMIT or LICENSE, to drive from midnight to 4 am. 53

Peer Influence People are highly influenced by their peers, and they influence each other through: Peer pressure Modeling behaviors Creating opportunities to engage in the behaviors Slide #55 We are all highly influenced by our peers. Everyone wants to feel like they are accepted and part of a group. These opinions and relationships are highly valued by teens and may result in allowing the group to influence the teens’ decision-making in a positive or negative way. For example, if members of the group wear seatbelts, they probably will all wear seatbelts. If the group is into street racing, your child may also engage in this behavior and be at risk. 54

Limit All Distractions!
Distracted driving increases crash risk 4 to 9 times. (Drews & Strayer) Slide #56 If you are a distracted driver your crash risk increases 4 to 9 times more than a non-distracted driver. Students in the next 10 seconds list 5 driving distractions. Did you include swatting a fly? Changing the radio? Talking to passengers? Anything that takes your attention off of the driving task is a distraction. 55

The Last Text http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DebhWD6ljZs

Distracted Driving 82% of teens report using their cell phones while driving and more than 49% reporting texting as a distraction. This study found that 82% of teens report using their cell phones while driving and more than 49% reporting texting as a distraction. Do you think these numbers are low or high? Thumbs up if you think these number are high and thumbs down if you think they are low. Allstate Foundation

Distracted Driving When asked whether driving feels safer, less safe, or about the same as it did five years ago, more than 1 in 3 drivers say driving feels less safe today. Distracted driving was cited by 3 out of 10 of these drivers as the single most common reason given for feeling less safe today. Allstate Foundation

Passenger Restrictions for a Learner’s Permit
Learner’s permit holders may have no more than ONE nonfamily passenger under the age of 18. Slide #62 Virginia law allows learner’s permit holders to have no more than ONE nonfamily passenger under the age of 18 in the car. But even one passenger is a distraction. So, what will be your family’s law on passenger restrictions? Code of Virginia,§ 59

Passenger Restrictions for a Driver’s License
True or False Virginia law allows three (3) nonfamily teenage passengers to ride in a car driven by a driver who just turned seventeen (17). Please raise your hand if you think the statement above is true. Slide #63 Raise your hand if you think this statement is true: Virginia law allows three (3) nonfamily teenage passengers to ride in a car driven by a driver who has just turned seventeen (17) years old. 60

False! May have ONE nonfamily passenger under 18 years of age during the FIRST year. May have THREE nonfamily passengers under the age of 18 after the license is held for one year or when licensee reaches the age of 18. Parents should consider adopting a NO PASSENGER rule! Slide #64 That is false! Virginia law allows new drivers to have ONE nonfamily passenger under 18-years-of-age during the FIRST year of driving. After the first year of driving or until the teen reaches the age of 18, the young driver may have THREE nonfamily passengers under the age of 18. That is Virginia law. So, what’s your family law? Code of Virginia § 61

Slide #65 Teen driving with two or more teen passengers increases the chance of a fatal crash by five times. If you were 5 times more likely to win the lottery that would be a good thing. But if you are 5 times more likely to be in the crash this is cause for concern. The good news is parents can keep their teens safe by instituting a no passenger policy for teen drivers. 62

Slide #66 The risk of dying in a car crash nearly doubles for teens when a male passenger is present. So how many friends will ride with your teen driver? 63

Virginia State Law for Cell Phone Use
True or False Please stand if you think this statement is true: Drivers under the age of 18 may use a cell phone but cannot text message while driving a vehicle. Slide #67 Please stand if you think this statement is true: Drivers under the age of 18 may use a cell phone but cannot text message while driving a vehicle. 64

False! If under the age of 18: While driving a car! NO cell phone
NO wireless devices (even hands free) While driving a car! Slide #68 That is false! Drivers younger than 18 years of age may not operate a vehicle using a cell phone or any other wireless device. If a teen violates Virginia’s cell phone driving law they will be assessed 3 demerit points and have to pay a fine. A second conviction will result in a court suspension of the teen’s driver’s license for 6 months. In addition, drivers under age 20 who receive a demerit point conviction are required to attend a driver improvement clinic and cannot take an online driver improvement course. Please note: It is against the law for all drivers to send or receive a text message! Don’t forget to turn your cell phones off! Code of Virginia § 65

Don’t Drive Under the Influence of Technology!
Cell phone use increases the risk of crashes or near crashes four times! Text messaging increases the risk of crashes or near crashes 23.2 times! Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Slide #69 Using a cell phone while driving increases the risk of a crash or near crash four times. Text messaging while driving is even more dangerous and increases the risk of a crash or near crashes 23.2 times! Parents must take steps to prohibit cell phone use while driving. How will you know if your child’s cell phone is on while they are driving? If you call your child and his or her cell phone does not go directly to voic , then your child will have some explaining to do. 66

Multitasking is a Myth The brain cannot multitask.
Instead, you have divided attention as most tasks use the same parts of the brain. Slide #70 Multitasking is a myth. Your brain can’t do it. When you switch from one task to another you are actually dividing your attention between multiple tasks. So, how does dividing your attention between multiple tasks affect your driving? If you make a phone call while driving at 60 mph it takes about one second using the speed-dial function; during that one second your car has traveled 90 feet unattended--or the length of a basketball court. Now imagine texting and driving where you would be dividing your attention from the driving task for much longer intervals of time reading or entering the text message. During those periods of time the car would not have a driver to search for potential risks in the path of travel! For example: talking on the phone and writing an . You can’t focus on one while doing the other. 67

Parents CAN Enforce Zero Tolerance on Cell Phone Use
Following are examples of Web-based phone applications that disable a phone while driving. Key2safedriving: prevents calls while driving. Zoom Safer: disables cellular phones while driving with the exception of emergency calls. Textecution: Disables texting if going over 10 miles per hour. Slide #71 There are parental controls for computers, TV’s, etc., and there are also parental controls for cell phones. Technology allows parents to enforce a zero tolerance policy on cell phone use by downloading an application from the Web onto their child’s phone which blocks calls or text messages while their child is driving. Do you think your child will be happy if you download one of these applications onto their phones? Of course not, but your child will be much safer! A list of cell phone apps is located at the end of the 45-Hour Parent/Teen Guide. 68

Slide #72 Did you know that the most frequent comment drivers make immediately after a crash is: “I didn’t see you”? The reason they did not see you is they were probably driving while distracted! 46% of teens surveyed ADMIT that they text while driving. So, that means almost half of the teen drivers on the road are 23 times more likely to be in a crash. That is a truly frightening statistic! As a parent this may be the most important family rule that you enforce. 69

Who has the Greatest Influence on Teen Cell Phone Use?
Over 2/3 of teens said their parents' opinions about cell phone use was important to them. Parents must recognize their influence on teen behaviors and encourage and model safe driving behaviors. Slide #73 Two out of 3 teens surveyed said their parents’ opinion on their cell phone use was important to them. Parents need to be empowered and recognize their influence on teen behavior is stronger and longer lasting than all other influences. Children learn from watching adults, so parents need to remember they can encourage safe driving behaviors by modeling them. Do not talk on the phone or text while driving. Driving Through the Eyes of Teens, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 70

Obtaining a Learner’s Permit
To be eligible for a learner’s permit, teens: Must have parent permission. Must be at least 15 years and 6 months of age. Must provide proof of residency, identity, social security number, and legal presence. Must pass a sign and general knowledge test. Slide #74 For a teen to obtain a learner’s permit in Virginia, the teen must have parent permission; be at least 15 years and 6 months old; provide proof of identity, residency, and legal presence (be a US citizen or legally authorized to be in the US); and pass a sign and knowledge test. During the learner’s permit phase you are not required to add your child to your family automobile insurance policy. 71

Ready for the DMV Test? Students should study the DMV Driver’s Manual and take the practice tests online at: If the teen fails the learner’s permit test 3 times after completing this course, he or she must complete another classroom driver education course before being eligible to take the test a 4th time. Slide #75 To prepare for the sign and general knowledge test, teens should study the DMV manual. Teens, you are encouraged to try to get your learner’s permit before you complete classroom driver education. If you fail the learner’s permit test three times you must provide DMV with evidence that you have completed a classroom driver education course before you can take the DMV tests a 4th time. Passing classroom driver education will allow you to be able to take the permit test for the 4th time if you need to. Hopefully, this does not happen and you study and pass the test the first time. 72

Practice! Practice! Practice!
With a learner’s permit, the teen can practice driving with a licensed driver in the family who is 18 years or older, or any other licensed driver 21 years or older. Parents should use the 45-hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide to guide the in-car lessons. This is available online or through your driver education teacher. Slide #76 The purpose of practice driving is more than just the accumulation of time to satisfy the requirements of the state law. Practice driving should include carefully planned guided practice sessions that include all driving skills. Teens do not easily adapt to new driving situations, so they need an experienced, parent mentor to guide them as they navigate new territory. When mentoring your new driver send a clear message that learning how to drive safely is your priority. Enjoy your time together. Set special times on the family calendar to practice. Have well-planned practice sessions and stay calm, upbeat, and engaged. Use running commentary. Running commentary allows the parent to state out loud in short, simple phrases everything ahead that influences driving. This allows the teen to be able to make decisions and recognize when to start responding to driving situations. As the driver becomes more experienced, he/she should take over the running commentary allowing the parent to know what their child is thinking and seeing. Parents must also be on high alert to identify any errors or lapses in driving attitudes or behaviors, and correct these unsafe behaviors before they become habits. 73

45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide
Virginia Department of Education 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide With Freedom Comes Great Responsibility Revised August 2012 Name:________________________________ 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide Slide #77 Learning any complex behavior or skill happens in phases. For teens to be prepared to drive alone, they must have exposure to a variety of situations that provide the teen with opportunities to identify and correct driving errors. The 45-Hour Guide is divided into suggested lessons that follow a sequential learning pattern. Lesson progress from low risk to higher risk driving environments; from a parking lot, to neighborhood roads, to light traffic, to rural highways, to expressways, and then to city driving. Using the Parent/Teen Driving Guide, you can plan your driving lessons before you get in the vehicle. Ideally, you will practice often and accumulate more than 45 hours of guided practice over the 9-month period that your child is required to hold a learner’s permit. You will need to complete the driving log and provide your child’s driver education teacher with documentation of successful completion of each session in the 45-hour guide. 74

Obtaining a Driver’s License
Must be at least 16 years and 3 months old. Must hold a learner’s permit for 9 months. Must complete a driver education program (classroom which includes a parent/teen presentation, and in-car which includes a road test). Slide #78 There are several requirements a teen in Virginia must fulfill before being eligible for a driver’s license. They must be at least 16 years and 3 months old; they must practice driving for at least 9 months with a learner’s permit for 9 months; they must complete 45 hours of guided practice with a parent, and they must successfully complete a classroom and in-car driver education program. 75

Parents Must Sign and Provide a Driver’s License or DMV-Issued ID Number for the Following Forms
Registration form at a parent/teen program. Driving log certifying the teen has driven at least 45 hours (15 after sunset). Parent permission form acknowledging the importance of good academic standing and granting the school permission to issue a driver’s license. Six-month temporary driver licensing form (TDL-180). Slide #79 Parents are in control. Parents will have to sign several documents throughout the juvenile licensing process. They include the learner’s permit application, a parent permission form to take a driver education course, the 45-hour driving log, and the 180-day temporary driver’s license. Once the student successfully completes the driver education course, meets all the licensing requirements and has parent permission, the in-car teacher will issue a 180-day temporary driver’s license. The school will send a copy of the 180-day licensing form to DMV, and DMV will send a hard copy of the license to the juvenile court that serves the jurisdiction of the family’s zip code. It is very important that DMV has the correct address as they must send the hard copy of the license to the correct court and the court must send you notification of when to attend the parent/teen judicial licensing ceremony. 76

Juvenile Licensing Ceremony
Family will receive notice of date to appear within the initial 180–day licensing period. Judge will give the hard copy of the driver’s license to the PARENT at a ceremony which is held at the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court that serves the student’s zip code. Student must dress appropriately, be on time, and bring the learner’s permit and 180-day temporary driver’s license. Slide #80 The licensing ceremony is an opportunity for the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court Judges to interact with teenagers in a positive setting. Each judge brings his or her unique style to the licensing ceremony. The ceremonies vary, depending on the needs of the jurisdiction. The ceremonies are held as frequently as once a week, to as infrequently as once every two months depending on the needs of the locality. Half of the ceremonies take less than 30 minutes; and the other half, 30 minutes to an hour. Some jurisdictions are unable to hold the ceremony in the courtroom due to the number of students who attend. The judges in these jurisdictions often hold the ceremony at a school and suggest that all typical courtroom procedures and decorum be followed. Generally, teens and their parents are required to dress in a manner that is appropriate to appearing in court and to be on time. Insistence on appropriate attire and decorum adds to the seriousness of the responsibility the teen is being given. The judge usually gives the license to the parent, not the teen, as the parent is liable and will be held accountable for their child’s behavior behind the wheel. 77

Basic Requirements for Classroom Driver Education
36 periods of classroom Driver Education (DE) is included in the curriculum for 10th-grade Health Education. Classroom DE is divided into 10 instructional modules prescribed by the Virginia Departments of Education and Motor Vehicles. Parents and students must attend a 90-minute traffic safety presentation. Slide #81 In Virginia, most classroom driver education courses are offered as part of 10th grade health education. A few schools, however, offer a 90-hour semester elective course. Driver education is a comprehensive course that covers a variety of traffic-safety and driver-related information such as the basic rules of the road, vehicle dynamics, managing time and space, purchasing and insuring a vehicle, reading a map, using a GPS, and interacting with other roadway users. Upon successful completion of a classroom driver education course your child will receive a Certificate of Completion, also referred to as a DEC-1 card or green card. They need this classroom completion “card” to take in-car instruction. 78

To Be Eligible for In-Car Instruction the Student Must
Be enrolled in or successfully complete a classroom driver education course. Complete enrollment and parent permission forms. Pay an in-car fee. Slide #82 Once you have enrolled in a classroom driver education program, and with your parents’ permission you are eligible to take in-car instruction. Students are then added to the behind-the-wheel list and taken in chronological order based on eligibility and age. 79

Behind-the-Wheel Instruction
Is taught before, during, and after school. Includes 7 periods driving and 7 periods observing. Is standards-based instruction (SOL). Progresses from simple to more complex driving skills, and from a parking lot, to low-, moderate- and higher-risk driving environments. Developing Safe Driving Skills Slide #83 In-car programs are offered before, during, or after school. Most programs are taught after school and are 7 days in length. Students have the opportunity to both drive and to observe other students driving. Students will drive a minimum of 7 hours with an instructor in a variety of different environments. The in-car curriculum is based on the Virginia Standards of Learning and progresses from simple to more complex driving skills and environments. 80

True or False? The safest position to place your hands on the steering wheel for most driving situations is 10 o’clock and 2 o’clock. Please raise your hand if you believe the statement above is true. Slide #85 Please raise your hand if you believe this statement is true. The safest position to place your hands on the steering wheel for most driving situations is 10 o’clock and 2 o’clock. 81

False! Eight (8) and four(4) are the safest hand positions for most driving situations. Slide #86 False! Placing your hands a 8 and 4 is the safest hand positions for most driving situations.

Slide #73 Video showing why the 8 and 4 hand position is the safest and most effective hand position for most driving situations. 83 83

8 and 4 Push-Pull-Slide Steering Reduces
Excessive steering which may cause run-off-the-road and off-road recovery crashes. Injuries in the event of air bag deployment. Unnecessary movement of steering wheel which leads to more stability and control. Fatigue and back pain during long periods of driving. 10 inches False #88 The 8 and 4 position is a more relaxed position, reducing muscle tension and back pain. This position also reduces unnecessary wheel movement, caused by the weight of the arms, or by adjusting body position in the seat which will cause arm movement when the steering wheel is held at the top. Placing your hands in the eight and four position takes your arms out of the path of the airbag which may cause hand, arm and face injuries if it deploys. You should also always wear your seat belt and sit at least 10 inches from the airbag. If you can adjust the angle of the steering wheel, make sure it is pointed at your chest and not at your face. Holding the steering wheel at the bottom also reduces the tendency to move the steering wheel too much which may result in loss of control and possibly running off the road. When a driver runs off the road, the initial reaction is to try to quickly get back onto the road which may result in over steering and ending up in oncoming traffic. If you do accidently drive off the road, you need to stay off of the road until you have slowed down and are in control to ease back onto the road safely. A good way to practice staying off the road and not overreacting is to have your child ride on the rumble strip for a period of time and not react to the noise or vibration in the wheel. 84

Blind Spot Glare Elimination Mirror Setting (BGE)
Old mirror setting shows your vehicle New mirror setting shows lane to side BGE greatly reduces the blind zones around your car and glare of headlights from vehicle behind you. Adjusting the side mirror settings approximately 15 degrees outward allows you to see the lanes to the sides of the vehicle. Make sure your child shows you how to reduce your blind zones! Slide #89 If you use the BGE mirror setting it reduces the blind zones around your car and the glare of the headlights from vehicles behind you. When you set the mirrors in this position, you see more of the lane next to your car and not the side of your vehicle. This allows the driver to see the traffic in the adjacent lanes. 85

Slide #75 If you use the BGE mirror setting, do you still need to do a “head check?” Yes, you will need to make a quick check over your shoulder in the area just outside of your peripheral vision. 86 86

Controlling Vehicle Balance
Balance is maintained through: precise, smooth steering movements. progressive, smooth acceleration. gradual, controlled application of brake and smooth release. the ability to manage time and space. Slide #90 What is vehicle balance? The weight of the vehicle is evenly distributed on all 4 tires. Optimum balance occurs when the vehicle is not moving. NOTE: To demonstrate vehicle balance and movement, the presenter should have a large model car with a holes drilled: through the middle front to back and From side to side. 87

What Actually Controls Your Vehicle?
Control of your vehicle is completely dependant upon these four tire patches in contact with the pavement. Each tire patch is approximately the size of a dollar bill. Tire Patches Slide #91 Your vehicle is controlled by the four small patches of tire in contact with the ground. Two things control the vehicle. Driver action and the vehicle’s response to driver action. Vehicle response is affected by the traction between the tire patches and the road surface. Without traction you have no control. (Hold up a dollar bill to show them the size of the tire patch in contact with the pavement.) 88

Vehicle Roll Roll is when the vehicle’s weight shifts from side to side reducing the size of tire patch on one side. Slide #92 Sudden steering, acceleration, or braking can affect vehicle balance. Vehicle roll occurs when vehicle load shifts to the left or right side of the vehicle. This affects the size of the tire patches in contact with the roadway. If you steer to the right, the vehicle’s weight shifts to the left. This is why your books or other objects sitting on the seat slide from one side to the other. Why would a vehicle roll over? This can occur when you drive too fast around a curve. (NOTE: presenter should use model car to demonstrate roll) 89

Pitch: vehicle’s weight shifts to front or rear tires
Rear Pitch: Changing vehicle load from front to rear when releasing brake or accelerating. DROPS LIFTS DROPS Slide #94 Forward pitch occurs when the brakes are applied and the vehicle’s weight or center of mass is transferred to the front of the vehicle. Backward pitch usually occurs when acceleration is sudden and hard. There is a noticeable drop of the rear of the vehicle, and occupants feel the weight shift towards the rear of the vehicle. NOTE: Presenter uses model car to show stopping (forward pitch) and accelerating (backward pitch) LIFTS Front Pitch: Changing vehicle load from rear to front occurs when braking or releasing accelerator. 90

Yaw: Vehicle loses traction to the rear
When a vehicle loses traction to the rear, the vehicle tends to move to the left or right around its center of gravity. Also called “fishtailing” Slide #95 Yaw is the rotation of a vehicle around its center of gravity, or the spinning of a car around it’s vertical axis. When a vehicle losses traction to the rear, the vehicle tends to move to the left or right around its center of gravity. Inertia will cause the rear tire to try to come around and lead. Possible activity: Have everyone stand up and lean forward (forward pitch), lean backward (backward pitch), shift weight from side to side (roll) and twist body (yaw) NOTE: using the model car show yaw and roll. 91

If You Have Space You will Never Crash!
How much space do you need? At these speeds and on dry surfaces, this distance, in seconds, allows the driver to either steer or brake out of problem areas Two (2) Seconds Under 35 MPH Three (3) Seconds 36-45 MPH Four (4) Seconds 46-70 MPH Slides #96 The easiest space to control is the space in front of your vehicle. A simple rule to avoid a crash is to always have enough space. Parents should make sure teens understand how to manage space, and to maximize open space around the vehicle. This chart shows the recommended following distance in seconds on dry surfaces for various speeds. Recommended Following Intervals 92

Law Enforcement Keeps Us Safe!
Slides #99 Law enforcement plays a critical role in traffic safety. The evidence is clear, when traffic laws are actively enforced, the roads are safer. Place picture of your SRO on this slide 93

If Stopped by a Police Officer
Remain Calm Pull off to right side of roadway- position your vehicle as far away from traffic as possible Turn on your flashers. Turn off engine and all other vehicle devices that could hinder communication with the officer Slide #100 If you are stopped by a police officer remain calm and pull off to the right side of the roadway, position your vehicle as far away from traffic as possible, turn on your flashers and turn off your engine. 94

If Stopped by a Police Officer (Continued)
Lower your window to communicate with the officer. Keep ALL safety belts fastened. Stay in your vehicle. Do not get out unless asked to by the officer. Keep hands in plain view on the steering wheel. Slide #101 Lower your window, keep your safety belt on, and your hands in plain view on the steering wheel. Do not get out of the car unless directed to so by the officer. Passengers should also remain in their seats with their safety belts fastened. 95

If Stopped by a Police Officer (Continued)
Carry all proper identification and when the officer asks for these, tell him/her where they are located before reaching for them. Answer the officer’s questions fully and clearly. Follow all directions/instructions. Slide #102 Answer all the officer’s questions calmly and clearly, and follow all directions and instructions. 96

Move Over or Slow Down Law
If an emergency vehicle is stopped on the shoulder of the highway, you must change lanes away from the stopped emergency vehicle. If you can’t change lanes, you must slow down and pass with caution. Maximum penalty: $2,500 fine,12 months in jail, and suspension of driver’s license for two years. There are nearly 2,000 Troopers in Virginia and they all have one thing in common. They all have been struck, or nearly struck, by passing motorists while performing their duties on Virginia’s highways. So if you see an emergency vehicle stopped on the shoulder of the highway you must change lanes away from the stopped emergency vehicle. And if you can’t change lanes, you must slow down and pass with caution. It’s not just a good idea, its Virginia Law! 97

Written Contracts for Keeping Young Drivers Safe
Students whose parents limit initial driving privileges (e.g., driving at night, or teenage passengers) and have written contracts are less likely to engage in risky driving or get tickets and have crashes. Slide #90 Teens who have written contracts that outline family rules; set limits on initial driving privileges, such as no driving at night and no passengers; and have clear consequences are much less likely to engage in risky driving, have crashes, or get a ticket. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 98

Negotiate and Establish
Driving rules and consequences. Driving limits and ways to increase privileges. Where and when teens may drive. Financial responsibilities. *Written contracts are much more effective than verbal ones! Slide #104 Throughout this program we have stressed the importance of parent involvement in producing safe, young drivers. A parent/teen contract is a critical piece for teen safety. Parents and teens should develop a written driving contract together. Parents and teens should agree upon: Rules and consequences Driving limits Where and when the teen can drive Financial responsibilities How privileges can be increased 99

Teen Driving: Working Together
Insert CDC video about written contracts

Parent/Teen Driving Contract
Please take the next few minutes to review and discuss the sample contract provided in your packet. Slide #105 You received a template for a contract when you arrived this evening. Please take a couple of minutes to review this contract together. (after 2-3 minutes) You are encouraged to take this home and spend time completing it together. 101

Thank YOU! We appreciate this opportunity to be part of the solution and we hope the information and parenting tips provided in this presentation will keep your teen driver safe! Please complete the program evaluation and registration form and drop them in the box as you leave. Slide #107 Please listen very carefully to the following directions to be sure that your son or daughter receives credit for completing this classroom driver education requirement. (provide school-specific directions for dismissal and collection of paperwork) Thank you for attending. We hope this information will help you help your teen become a safe driver. 102 102

References Allstate Foundation, CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Virginia Department of Motor Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Keeping Young Drivers Safe, 103

References (Continued)
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Virginia Department of Motor Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, of Virginia, Frontline, Inside the Teenage Brain, 104

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Parents and Teens: While waiting for the presentation to begin, please review the following statements together. True or False? Peers have the greatest.

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