1. Practical physiology temperature
Ass.prof.sahar j kadhum

2. Body temperature
Body temperature is tightly controlled to maintain normal metabolic processes.
This control is achieved by the hypothalamus.

3. Clinical thermometer

4. It is measured by centigrade (Celsius) scale but many countries (USA) are using Fahrenheit scale. The normal range of the body temperature is C˚. F

5. Body temperature is recorded as
degree of centigrade(c) or degree of Fahrenheit F=(9/5 XC) +32 =(9/5X37)+32=98.6 to change Fahrenheit to centigrade subtract 32 and multiply 5/9. C=(F-32)X5/9 =(100-32)x5/9=37.8

6. Heat is produced by:- Metabolic process. Food intake (dynamic action).
Exercise (contraction of skeletal muscles).
Hot environment such as sun, heater.

7. Heat is lost through:-
Skin 97 % (radiation, conduction and evaporation)
Expired air 2%.
Urine and feces 1%.

8. Physiological variation
1- In women, the temperature may be one Celsius degree higher during ovulation.
2- The temperature of people who live in hot area 0.5 C˚ more than those live in cold area.
3- The temperature at evening 0.5 C˚ more than morning due to increase metabolism.
4-The temperature in groin and axilla is low 0.5 C˚ than that in the mouth while in the rectum its 0.5 C˚ higher.

9. Routs of temperature measurement:-
1- Mouth route, the most commonly used route and used in a conscious adult and in children older than 5 years.
2- Axilla route is used in unconscious adult and children.
3- Groin route is used in infant and smaller children.
4-Rectal route is now rarely taken.

10. Oral temperature measurement
1-clean thermometer, by alcohol
2-if the mercury 45c,lower it to below35.6c
3-insert bulb inside mouth under the tongue
4-leave it 2-5 minutes
5-remove it and read

11. Contraindication of oral temperature
1-infant
2- unconscious patients
3-inflammation or surgery of mouth
4-persistant frequent coughing
5-Mouth breathing patients

12. DIGITAL THERMOMETER

14. Temperature chart

15. 2-the rectal method (in the rectum)
Most accurate
Left the thermometer 2-3 min
Its half degree higher than that recorded in the mouth
Indication
1-in infant and children
2-unconscious patient
3-in patient with epilepsy

16. RECTAL THERMOMETER

17. Indirect method 1-Axilla or groin
Because of skin and connective tissue the temperature recorded is lower than half degree than that of mouth.
Used for babies and old ages
-put the thermometer in axillary flexure while upper arm held close to body

18. AURAL THERMOMETER

19. 2-AURAL
take with a special thermometer that placed in the ear or auditory canal detect infrared energy radiating from blood vessels in the tympanic membrane since provide body core temp.