1. The Labor Movement

2. Standard
SS.912.A.3.2-Industrial Revolution: Examine the social, political, and economic causes, course, and consequences of the Second Industrial Revolution that began in the late 19th century
SS.912.A.3.9: Examine causes, course, and consequences of the labor movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

3. Worker Problems Impersonal Conditions Long Hours
Boring, Repetitive tasks
Low wages
Child labor
Periodic unemployment
Lack of opportunity for advancement
Unpleasant living conditions

7. Workers organize
Because the work required little skill, workers could easily be replaced
The only was to achieve better conditions seemed to be through worker organization
Organizations were called labor unions

8. Purpose of Labor Unions
To obtain higher wages and better working conditions
“Mutual Aid” societies
To place pressure on Government

10. National Labor
As industries nationalized, labor leaders wanted unions to nationalize
The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor were two early national labor unions

11. Knights of Labor Founded by Terrence Powederly in 1869
Both skilled and unskilled workers could join
African Americans, women, farmers welcomed

12. Demands 8 hour work day Higher wages Safety codes No child labor
No convict labor
Equal pay for women
Restrictions on immigration

14. By 1886 they had 700,000 members
Too big, too loose=not effective
Unsuccessful strikes led to members leaving

15. American Federation of Labor
Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1881
Network of craft unions, only skilled workers
No women and a few allowed African A.
By 1900 it has 1 million members

16. Demands 8 hour workday Higher pay Better conditions
Closed shop policy-employer promises to hire only union members

17. Tactics of Labor
Strike
Picket Line
Strike Fund

18. Tactics of Management Strike-breakers (scabs)-temporary workers
Managers-could fire workers
Lockout-close the factory for a time and not pay workers
Yellow dog contracts-not join union
Blacklisting-fired union members information was given to other jobs so they will not be hired
Pinkertons-private detective that spied on union and broke up strikes often with violence
Injunction-court order to stop a strike

20. Role of Government Favored management for these reasons:
Unions were small
Role was to protect private property
Public opinion against unions
Unions seemed dangerous un-American
Business contributed to campaign
Laissez faire
Anti-strike

21. Great Railroad Strike
Haymarket Riot
Homestead Strike
Pullman Strike

22. Haymarket Riot 1886 Chicago protest for 8hr workday
Strikers and scabs fought. Police fired on the crowd
Anarchist-believed in overthrowing capitalist society called for a rally in Haymarket Square
Large number of German workers were there
Bomb thrown at police, killing one policeman
Police opened fire
Arrested eight labor leaders
Seven sentenced to death, Knights of Labor dissolved

25. Homestead Strike 1892
Andrew Carnegie's steel mill in Homestead, PA was ran by Henry C Frick
Frick locked out the workers and intended to break up the unions, workers went on strike and surrounded the plant
Frick hired Pinkerton detectives to break the line of the strikers at night, this led to a violent battle.
The state militia was called in to restore order, breaking the strike and allowing scabs to come work
Someone attempted to murder Frick
Public sympathy formed against the union and members were blacklisted

29. Pullman Strike 1894
George Pullman invented the passenger sleeping railroad car
His workers lived in Pullman, Illinois in a company town-company owns houses and the stores in the town
workers went on strike when Pullman lowered wages but refused to lower rent or food prices
Eugene Debs helped form the American Railway Union

30. They went on strike and railroads in the West were not running.
President Cleveland sent in troops to end the strike, saying the mail needed to be delivered
The strikers never stopped mail trains but the government used a court injunction to stop the strike in 1895
Debs went to prison

31. Ideology-system of related beliefs and ideas about people, society and government

32. Rise of Ideologies Capitalists Social Darwinists Communist Socialists
Anarchist

33. Capitalism-freedom to persue their own profit, entrepreneurs benefit all society by producing better goods at lower prices
Social Darwinists-best and strongest will rise to the top. Societies will rise and rule over less advanced ones

34. Communists-followed Karl Marx idea from his book Communist Manifesto-1848.
All history was class struggle where the rich took advantage of the poor
The workers need to rise up and overthrow the government in a revolution to establish a communist society where there is no rich or poor. Private property should be abolished

35. Socialist-workers were oppressed but improvement should be gradual not with a violent revolution
Elect government officials favorable to labor that could introduce new reforms
Government might be needed to take over some businesses like telephone and railroads to operate for the public good

37. Anarchists-alarmed at the influence of the rich on government
Anarchists-alarmed at the influence of the rich on government. They favored abolition of central government, by violence if necessary