1. RHETORICAL DEVICES & FALLACIES

2. A technique that an author or speaker uses to evoke an emotional response in the audience (the reader(s) or listener(s)). These emotional responses are central to the meaning of the work or speech, and should also get the audience's attention.

3. ALLUSION
A brief, usually indirect reference to a person, place, or event--real or fictional
famous people
history
(Greek) mythology
literature
the bibles familiar with the event or person, they will also know background and context. Thus, just a few words are enough to create a certain picture (or scene) in the readers’ minds.
Examples:
It has rained so long, it seems as though it has rained for 40 days and nights.
Harriet Tubman was called the Moses of her time
To act or not to act, that was Maria's dilemma
Sue did not want to endure Eve's curse, so she opted for the epidural
The killer wore a mark of Cain as he stalked his brother.

4. RHETORICAL QUESTION

5. ANAPHORA
The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses
By building toward a climax, anaphora can create a strong emotional effect
Example:
"It rained on his lousy tombstone, and it rained on the grass on his stomach. It rained all over the place."
One of the most famous examples??

7. ALLITERATION
Repetition of the initial consonant sounds beginning several words in sequence 
Example:
"Let us go forth to lead the land we love." President J. F. Kennedy, Inaugural 1961
"Veni, vidi, vici."  Julius Caesar  (I came, I saw, I conquered)

9. ANADIPLOSIS
Greek “doubling” or “repetition,” a device in which the last word or phrase of one clause, sentence, or line is repeated at the beginning of the next
Examples
The love of wicked men converts to fear, That fear to hate, and hate turns one or both To worthy danger and deserved death.
"Fear is the path to the dark side. Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering. I sense much fear in you."

11. An explicit comparison between two things using 'like' or 'as'
SIMILE
An explicit comparison between two things using 'like' or 'as' 
Examples
My love is as a fever, longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease"          Shakespeare, Sonnet CXLVII  
Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope"         D. Hume  
Let us go then, you and I, While the evening is spread out against the sky, Like a patient etherized upon a table"
 T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

12. METAPHOR
Compares two different things in a figurative sense. Unlike in a simile (A is like B.), “like” is not used in metaphor (A is B)
Example:
Truths are first clouds, then rain, then harvest and food. (Henry Ward Beecher)
Through much of the last century, America's faith in freedom and democracy was a rock in a raging sea. Now it is a seed upon the wind, taking root in many nations.

14. HYPERBOLE Deliberate exaggeration
Used sparingly, hyperbole effectively draws the attention to a message that you want to emphasize.
Example:
I was so hungry, I could eat an elephant.
I have told you a thousand times.

16. OXYMORON
Incongruous or contradictory terms are combined side by side Examples Defining silence Jumbo shrimp Act natural

17. FALLACIES
A fallacy is a common error in reasoning which people (even well educated, careful people) often fail to notice in their own arguments or which devious people might use in their arguments in the hope that we won't notice them

18. Straw Man
It misrepresents the position of the opposing side in such a way that the opposing position appears obviously false or ridiculous. (That is, it creates a 'straw man' just so it can be knocked down.) 
It's worth noting that 'straw manning' often takes place on both sides of charged debates like the one concerning abortion. 
''Strawmanning' your opponent can be an effective strategy in an argument.  If your audience doesn't realize that's what you're doing, you may succeed in convincing them that your opponent's view is wrong.  However, it's an intellectually dishonest strategy & so not useful for getting at the truth about things.

20. Slippery Slope
Slippery slope arguments falsely assume that one thing must lead to another. They begin by suggesting that if we do one thing then that will lead to another, and before we know it we’ll be doing something that we don’t want to do. They conclude that we therefore shouldn’t do the first thing.
What’s the problem with this logic?

21. If we pass laws against fully-automatic weapons, then it won't be long before we pass laws on all weapons, and then we will begin to restrict other rights, and finally we will end up living in a communist state. Thus, we should not ban fully-automatic weapons.
You should never gamble. Once you start gambling you find it hard to stop. Soon you are spending all your money on gambling, and eventually you will turn to crime to support your earnings.
If I make an exception for you then I have to make an exception for everyone.

23. Red Herring
Red herring is a kind of fallacy that is an irrelevant topic introduced in an argument to divert the attention of listeners or readers from the original issue. In literature, this fallacy is often used in detective or suspense novels to mislead readers or characters or to induce them to make false conclusions.
The term red herring means a kind of dried red fish, which has a pungent smell. In fox hunting, hounds are prevented from catching the fox by distracting them with the strong scent of red herring. Similarly, a person can be stopped from proving his point in an argument by distracting him with an irrelevant issue.

25. What is an example of a Red Herring in political ads?

26. Bandwagon Thinking
The name "bandwagon fallacy" comes from the phrase "jump on the bandwagon" or "climb on the bandwagon", a bandwagon being a wagon big enough to hold a band of musicians.
Everyone’s doing it

29. “Does god exist? Several billion people can’t be wrong!”
“7 in 10 doctors say acupuncture works, therefore it must work”
Bill says that he likes the idea that people should work for their welfare when they can. His friends laugh at him, accuse him of fascist leanings, and threaten to ostracize him from their group. He decides to recant and abandon his position to avoid rejection.

30. Ad Hominem
Ad hominem (Latin) means “against the man”. As the name suggests, it is a literary term that involves commenting on or against an opponent to undermine him instead of his arguments

32. Non Sequitur
Non sequiturs are those literary devices which include the statements, sayings and conclusions that do not follow the fundamental principles of logic and reason. They are frequently used in theater and comedies to create comedic effects.
In fact, non sequitur is a Latin phrase that means “it doesn’t follow”. Here “non” means not and “sequitur” means to follow.

35. People generally like to walk on the beach. Beaches have sand
People generally like to walk on the beach.  Beaches have sand.  Therefore, having sand floors in homes would be a great idea!
Buddy Burger has the greatest food in town.  Buddy Burger was voted #1 by the local paper.  Therefore, Phil, the owner of Buddy Burger, should run for President of the United States.
There really is no exceptions to this rule. Any good argument must have a conclusion that follows from the premises