1. /Notes/ Families of Elements

2. Valence Electrons The electrons in the outermost electron shell.
How do you know how many valence electrons an element has?
Look at the periodic table

3. Numbers of Valence Electrons8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Don't worry
about these!

4. The Effect of Valence Electrons
Full electron orbitals are the most stable
Electron orbitals can hold 8 electrons
Atoms want to be stable
Atoms want 8 valence electrons.
Atoms will form bonds with other atoms to gain, lose, or share electrons to get 8 valence electrons

5. Metals Shiny solids Metals conduct heat & electricity
Metals are malleable
They can be bent or shaped without breaking

6. Metals

7. Alkali Metals

8. Metals Alkali Metals React violently with water Soft & shiny
Alkali metals have 1 valence electron

9. Alkaline Earth Metals

10. Metals Alkaline-Earth Metals React with other elements easily
(not as easily as alkali metals)
All alkaline-earth metals have 2 valence electrons

11. Transition Metals

12. Metals Transition Metals They are not very reactive
As a result you can find them in the Earth as elements
Silver, Gold, Zinc, Iron, Platinum, and Tin are some examples

13. Rare Earth Elements

14. Metals Rare Earth Elements Some are man-made
All are very similar to one another
Examples:
Uranium, plutonium, neodynium

15. Non-Metals Can be found as solids, liquids, or gases.
Dull in color (not shiny)
Brittle (don’t bend)
Bad conductors of heat & electricity

16. Non-Metals

17. Halogens

18. Non-Metals Halogens Very reactive with other elements
Have 7 valence electrons
Examples
Chlorine- used in pools
Fluorine- placed in tapwater & toothpaste. It keeps your teeth strong.

19. Noble Gases

20. Non-Metals Noble Gases Do not react with any other elements
Have 8 valence electrons
8 electrons is a “full” energy level, so they don’t want any more electrons.
Example- Neon: used in neon signs

21. Metalloids

22. Metalloids or Semiconductors
Some characteristics of metals, some characteristics of non-metals
Can conduct heat & electricity
Not as well as metals, but better than non-metals
Example- Silicon: used in computers & electronics.