1. Splash Screen

2. Section 2: People and Their Environment
Introduction
Section 1: The Economy
Section 2: People and Their Environment
Visual Summary
Chapter Menu

3. Africa south of the Sahara is a region of enormous natural resource wealth, and yet many of its people live in poverty. A study of the region today will explain the immense challenges Africa south of the Sahara faces in gaining economic independence and stability while finding the best use of its natural resources, which are key to the region’s development.
Chapter Intro 1

4. Section 1: The Economy
The physical environment affects people and their activities. Africa south of the Sahara is making the slow transition from an economy based on subsistence farming to one that is part of the global economy.
Chapter Intro 2

5. Section 2: People and Their Environment
Human actions modify the physical environment. Throughout the region, human activities—such as war and deforestation—have had a tremendous impact on the environment and have contributed to famine and the starvation of millions of people.
Chapter Intro 3

6. Chapter Preview-End

7. The Economy
Africa south of the Sahara is making the slow transition from an economy based on subsistence farming to one that is part of the global economy.
Section 1-GTR

8. The Economy subsistence farming cash crop conservation farming
infrastructure
e-commerce
shifting cultivation
sedentary farming
commercial farming
Section 1-GTR

9. The Economy
erosion
fee
income
Section 1-GTR

10. The Economy
A. Zimbabwe
B. South Africa
C. Nigeria
Section 1-GTR

11. The Economy
Can you name some of the challenges that people of this region face economically?
A. Many challenges
B. Some challenges
C. No challenges A B C
Section 1

12. Economic Activities
Africa south of the Sahara is making the transition from an economy based on farming to one that is part of the global economy.
Farming is the main economic activity in Africa south of the Sahara.
Section 1

13. Economic Activities (cont.)
Farming methods:
Subsistence agriculture
Shifting cultivation
Pastoralism
Sedentary farming
Commercial farming
Agricultural Workforce
Section 1

14. Economic Activities (cont.)
Export crops:
Cacao
Tea
Coffee
Palm oil
Peanuts
Sisal
Section 1

15. Economic Activities (cont.)
Challenges:
Overgrazing
Overworked soils
Lack of technology
Section 1

16. Economic Activities (cont.)
Logging and commercial fishing represent a small portion of the region’s economic activity.
Mining is important in the region, but many countries do not benefit directly.
Gold—Africa is the world’s largest producer.
Gems and industrial diamonds
Oil
Section 1

17. Economic Activities (cont.)
Industrialization progress is slow.
Challenges:
Lack of skilled workers
Power shortages
Political conflicts
Lack of facilities and equipment
Africa South of the Sahara: Economic Activity
Section 1

18. Which country’s agriculture-based economy has collapsed due to government forced seizures of land?
A. Niger
B. Chad
C. Zimbabwe
D. Gabon A B C D
Section 1

19. Transportation and Communications
Developments in transportation and communications will have positive effects on the region’s economy, but the physical environment has made such development difficult.
Roads and railroads are a top priority despite geographic challenges.
Two important road systems: Trans-African Highway and Trans-Sahara Highway
Section 1

20. Transportation and Communications (cont.)
Radio
Limited television, newspapers, magazines, telephone, Internet, cell phone
New satellite and wireless technology are helping communications.
Section 1

21. Which type of transportation is the least reliable? A. Roads
B. Railways
C. Water
D. None of the above A B C D
Section 1

22. Trade and Interdependence
Countries in Africa south of the Sahara are trying to develop their economies through trading relationships.
Africa south of the Sahara is the poorest region in the world and owes billions of dollars in debt to foreign countries.
Section 1

23. Trade and Interdependence (cont.)
Trade relations:
Japan
U.S.
China
Mostly Western European countries
Regional—Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Section 1

24. Who agreed to cancel the debt of Africa’s 18 poorest nations?
A. The World Bank
B. G8 member nations
C. Japan
D. The United States A B C D
Section 1

25. Section 1-End

26. People and Their Environment
Throughout the region, human activities—such as war and deforestation—have had a tremendous impact on the environment and have contributed to famine and the starvation of millions of people.
Section 2-GTR

27. People and Their Environment
carrying capacity
poaching
ecotourism
habitat
extinction
sustained
positive
pursue
Section 2-GTR

28. People and Their Environment
A. Somalia
B. Ethiopia
C. Djibouti
D. Côte d′lvoire
E. Madagascar
Section 2-GTR

29. People and Their Environment
Famine threatens many parts of Africa. How many people are in dire need of food aid?
A. 12 million
B. 31 million
C. 20 million A B C
Section 2

30. Managing Resources
In Africa south of the Sahara, factors such as poverty, population growth, war, and drought have caused a severe strain on the environment.
Poverty and hunger are the biggest enemies in this region.
Carrying Capacity in Africa South of the Sahara
Section 2

31. Managing Resources (cont.)
A wide area of the Sahel has turned into desert, adding to the problem of famine.
War continues to be a major cause of hunger and malnutrition in Africa south of the Sahara.
Hunger in Africa South of the Sahara
Section 2

32. Which two countries signed a peace agreement in 2000 and are working together to restore the land?
A. Namibia and Tanzania
B. Cameroon and Nigeria
C. Somalia and Ethiopia
D. Eritrea and Ethiopia A B C D
Section 2

33. Human Impact
Human activities have destroyed rain forests, threatened wildlife, and raised questions about land use in Africa south of the Sahara.
About half of the original tropical forests are gone.
Deforestation and hunting threatens the region’s wildlife.
Section 2

34. Human Impact (cont.)
Due to hunting and poaching, the elephant population has dwindled to 600,000 from the millions.
Section 2

35. Which animal was placed on the endangered species list in 1989?
A. Zebra
B. Mountain gorilla
C. Rhinoceros
D. Elephant A B C D
Section 2

36. Challenges for the Future
As Africa south of the Sahara faces the future, human activities continue to have both positive and negative impacts on the environment.
Positive steps toward the future:
Democratic reforms
Efforts to encourage private enterprise
Section 2

37. Challenges for the Future (cont.)
Game reserves
Ecotourism
Protection of tropical forests
Section 2

38. Which animal is once again thriving in Africa? A. Crocodiles
B. Elephants
C. Rhinoceroses
D. All of the above A B C D
Section 2

39. Section 2-End

40. Slowly Industrializing
VS 1

41. Protecting Endangered Species
Most African countries have set up large parks and game reserves to protect endangered species.
These parks and reserves also serve as a source of income for the countries as tourists come from around the world to see Africa’s wildlife.
Private enterprise has also helped save endangered species. For example, crocodile farmers earn money selling crocodile leather. However, they also release crocodiles into the wild, increasing the population.
VS 2

42. VS-End

43. Figure 1

44. Figure 2

45. Figure 3

46. Figure 4

47. Food crops would be difficult to grow in such arid conditions, and the people might not have enough available food.
DFS Trans 1

48. DFS Trans 2

49. subsistence farming
producing just enough food for a family or a village to survive
Vocab1

50. shifting cultivation
clearing forests to plant fields for a few years and then abandoning them
Vocab2

51. sedentary farming
farming carried on at permanent settlements
Vocab3

52. commercial farming agriculture or aquaculture organized as a business
Vocab4

53. cash crop
farm products grown to be sold or traded rather than used by the farm family
Vocab5

54. conservation farming
a land-management technique that helps protect farmland
Vocab6

55. infrastructure the basic urban necessities like streets and utilities
Vocab7

56. e-commerce
selling and buying on the Internet
Vocab8

57. carrying capacity
the population that an area will support without undergoing deterioration
Vocab9

58. habitat
area with conditions suitable for certain plants or animals to live
Vocab10

59. extinction the disappearance or end of a species of animal or plant
Vocab11

60. poaching
illegal hunting of protected animals
Vocab12

61. ecotourism
the practice and business of recreational travel based on concern for the environment
Vocab13

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