1. Climate

2. Methods of heat transfer-how heat is moved through the atmosphere
1. Conduction- heat transferred through direct contact. (Ex: metal spoon in boiling pot)
2. Radiation- heat transferred from sun to earth’s surface
3. Convection- cycle of warm air rising, cool air sinking due to differences in density ( Ex: Magma inside the earth, warm & cold fronts)

3. What type of heat transfer is this? How is the heat transferred?

4. Angle of Insolation – angle at which the Sun heats the earth
- Determines temperature

5. Definition
Climate is the average weather in a location over a long period of time.
Ex: A place that doesn't get much rain over many years would have a dry climate.
A place where it stays cold for most of the year would have a cold climate.

6. World Climates- 3 main Climate Zones 1. Tropical 0-23. 5o latitude 2
World Climates- 3 main Climate Zones 1. Tropical o latitude 2. Temperate o latitude 3. Polar o latitude

7. Classifying Climate Temperature Precipitation 6 major climate groups
Tropical rainy
Dry
Temperate marine
Temperate continental
Polar
Highlands

8. Climate graph (Climograph)- shows precipitation and temperature of a location bars = precipitation lines = temperature

13. 5 factors of climate Latitude- distance from equator
Altitude- (mountain)
Global Winds- trade winds, prevailing westerlies, polar easterlies
Ocean currents- (an island)
Nearness to center of continent or large body of water
Specific Heat
Windward v. Leeward side of mountain

14. Important facts on Climate:
The average weather conditions (temperature and moisture) for a large region over a long period of time.
Factors affecting climate include:
‣Latitude- The higher your latitude, the colder your climate.
‣Altitude- The higher your altitude, the colder your climate.
‣Mountain ranges- On the windward side of a mountain, your climate will be wet, on the leeward side of a mountain, your climate will be dry.
‣Oceans/Large Bodies of Water- The closer you are to water, the less extreme your climate (warmer winters and cooler summers).
‣Ocean Currents- Locations near warm water currents will have warmer climates, locations near cold water currents will have colder climates.
‣Planetary Wind Belts- On-shore winds will cause wet climates, off-shore winds will cause dry climates (monsoon winds).

15. OROGRAPHIC LIFTING
Occurs when there is a change in temperature of a gas caused by expansion or contraction of the gas WITHOUT the application or removal of heat.
‣ Cooling: warm air ascends and expands. Expansion causes cooling (more space between molecules, less collisions between molecules).
‣ Warming: cold air descends and is compressed by surrounding air. Compression causes warming (less space between molecules, more collisions between molecules).
‣ Orographic lifting occurs when air is forced up by mountains, causing cooling, condensation, and precipitation on the windward side and warming and evaporation on the leeward side.

16. When air is forced to rise because it hits mountains, it will expand, cool, and condense - Windward side = a cool, moist climate. - Leeward side= a warm and dry climate

18. Which location is on the windward side? Leeward side?

19. What is the climate of Seattle? Spokane?

20. Global Winds

21. Climate is determined by the latitude and the planetary/global winds

22. Specific heat The ability to resist being heated
Low specific heat = heat up and cool down fast
High specific heat = heat up and cool down slowly

24. Air sinks over water and moves to land
Sea Breeze- Day
Water has a high specific heat= takes longer to warm up and cool down
Air over water is cooler, so it sinks and a breeze moves from water to land
Air sinks over water and moves to land

25. Land Breeze- Night
At night , the land will cool down faster than the water- the breeze then moves from land to sea

28. Key points on factors of climate
Water modifies temperature- Coastal locations will have warmer winters and cooler summers
Greater temperature range inland
Water heats up and cools off much slower than land-high specific heat
Latitude determines wet and dry zones
Warm ocean currents start near the equator and travel away from equator

29. 1. Which locations are on the windward side of a mountain. Why. 2
1.Which locations are on the windward side of a mountain? Why? 2.Which is on the leeward side? 3. Out of B and C, which is has a greater range of temperatures? Why?

30. Electromagnetic Energy
Insolation – incoming solar radiation
Direct- straight to earth’s surface
Diffuse- scattered or reflected by atmospheric elements (clouds)
Infrared radiation-
Electromagenetic radiation of a longer wavelength (red= heat)

31. Energy from the sun enters as short-wave radiation (visible, UV) and leaves as long-wave radiation (infrared)

32. Greenhouse effect
Any increase in these gases would cause an increase in absorbed radiation
This can lead to global warming!
Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation(cutting down trees), pollution causes global warming
The natural heating of Earth’s surface by certain atmospheric gases
We could not live without the greenhouse effect
Greenhouse gases include: CO2, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide

33. Greenhouse effect

34. How is Carbon dioxide put into the atmosphere?
When Do You Send Greenhouse Gases into the Air?
Whenever you ...
Watch TV
Use the Air Conditioner
Turn on a Light
Use a Hair Dryer
Ride in a Car
Play a Video Game
Listen to a
Stereo
Wash or Dry
Clothes
Use a Dish
Washer
Microwave a
Meal

35.
El Nino and La Nina
Climate pattern that happens every 5-7 years
El Nino- Characterized by unusually warm sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean
La Nina- characterized by unusually cold sea surface temperatures
The hot water usually comes first to the coasts of Peru and Ecuador in South America.
In the 1500s, fishermen who lived in South America began to wonder about a current of unusually warm water that came to their shore every few years near Christmastime. Since the fishermen believed in the birth of the Christ child at Christmas, and since they spoke Spanish, they named the hot water El Niño, which means "the infant" in Spanish

39. Monsoons

40. The eastern US experiences mild and wet winter conditions
The Positive NAO index phase shows a stronger than usual subtropical high pressure center and a deeper than normal Icelandic low.
The increased pressure difference results in more and stronger winter storms crossing the Atlantic Ocean on a more northerly track.
This results in warm and wet winters in Europe and in cold and dry winters in northern Canada and Greenland
The eastern US experiences mild and wet winter conditions

41. Greenland, however, will have milder winter temperatures
Negative NAO Index
The negative NAO index phase shows a weak subtropical high and a weak Icelandic low.
The reduced pressure gradient results in fewer and weaker winter storms crossing on a more west-east pathway.
They bring moist air into the Mediterranean and cold air to northern Europe
The US east coast experiences more cold air outbreaks and hence snowy weather conditions.
Greenland, however, will have milder winter temperatures

42. North Atlantic Oscillation