1. Change and The Roots of the American Revolution

2. English Civil War
Three main factors came to play a major factor in the reign of Elizabeth I ( ) in setting the stage for the English Revolution. 
The Magna Carta (1215) drew upon ancient Anglo-Saxon traditions that believed that no one, not even the king, is above the law. 
Elizabeth reigned in a period of intense religious strife, both within England itself as well as triggering an expensive war with Spain. 
The 1500s and 1600s were a period of rampant inflation, which made monarchs everywhere increasingly desperate for money.

3. James I
James I believed in the Absolute Monarchy and he didn’t believe in cooperating with Parliament
James fought the largely Puritan Parliament to keep the Church of England's Catholic style ritual
James I and Parliament clashed over the King’s growing requests for money to support his lavish lifestyle. 
He angered the middle class by raising customs duties, one of his main sources of revenue, to keep pace with inflation. 

4. Charles I
Charles like his father also had a difficult relationship with Parliament. As a result, James steered the country toward Civil War and Charles kept it on course
The House of Commons is gaining power and many of the men are Puritans and resist Anglicanism as the King pushed it
England splits in to two camps - the Royalists and the Antirealists (aka Roundheads)
Civil War breaks out and in 1666 Charles I surrenders
Charles is tried for treason against the state and in 1649, Charles I is execute to the horror of the rest of Europe

5. Oliver Chromwell Chromwell becomes the master of England
Rump Parliament is officially in charge but Chromwell basically rules as King
Upon Chromwell’s death the army under the command of General George Monck invites Charles II back to England to rule as King

6. The Glorious Revolution
James II succeeds his father as King
This scares parliament because James II is a Catholic and there is fear he will try to roll back religious changes in the kingdom
Upon his succession, James II encouraged Catholics to have a larger role in the country
The gentry, having feared this all along invited the Protestant ruler of the Provinces, William III to invade and take the throne
William arrived but James II, fearful of his support fled for France without a fight despite having an army of twice the size of William’s
The transfer of power was bloodless and came to be called the Glorious Revolution

7. Constitutional Monarchy
William’s claim came through his wife Mary, daughter of Charles I
Parliament named the two of them joint monarchs in early 1689
A Bill of Rights is drafted determining succession to the throne, defined parliament’s powers and established basic civil rights
Desite William exercising a strong rule, the pieces were in place and a Constitutional Monarchy was established

8. The Seven Years War Crash Course!
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9. The Road to Revolution in America

10. Salutary Neglect
During the early years of the existence of the colonies, Parliament opted for a policy of salutary neglect or non- interference
It was too difficult to control the situation in the colonies when they were 3000 miles away

11. North American Land Claims in 1750

12. The French & Indian War Begins
England and France had been at odds with each other over the Americas but the final struggle began in the Ohio Valley
Facing the threat of the Fort, the colonists, under the command of 22 year old George Washington, attacked the fort
the Virginia militia were later captured and released by the French signaling what became the start of the war
General Braddock’s defeat in a second attempt to take Fort Duquesne caused many Native Americans to shift their support to the French

13. William Pitt
When William Pitt became minister of war in 1758 for Britain the tide shifted
Pitt realized that by giving aid to France’s enemies in Europe he could effectively split her forces
By the end of 1758 the British were again gaining a foothold in the Americas

14. Quebec Falls
On September 13, – General James Wolfe defeated Commander Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham
Montcalm and Wolfe both die as a result of their wounds

15. The Treaty of Paris
France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River.
Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.
England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.
North American was now divided between Great Britain and Spain with the Mississippi River forming the boundary

16. The Effects of War The Colonies
Britain
It increased her colonial empire in the Americas.
It greatly enlarged England’s debt.
Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings because they felt they had to support the colonists overseas
The Colonies
It united them against a common enemy for the first time.
It created a socializing experience for all who participated increasing feelings of being “American”
It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

17. The Proclamation of 1763
After Pontiac’s rebellion in the west the British responded by drawing a boundary line
This line effectively ended settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains
Colonists protested that the Proclamation deprived them of land they had a right to settle causing more friction between colonists and the crown

18. The Sugar Act
British taxed colonists on many of the goods coming into the colonies from other places
The most important of these was the Sugar Act of 1764
Colonial merchants realized that enforcement of this act would wipe out profits of the trade with the Spanish and French West Indies

19. The Stamp Act
In 1765, British imposed taxes upon all paper products and stamped the item once the tax had been played.
This tax was paid directly to the government – direct tax
Products affected ranged from documents and wills to playing cards and newspapers

20. The Townshend Acts
This act placed duties on tea, paper, glass and paint
The British repealed this tax in 1770 except for the tax on tea

21. The Protests Begin! Patrick Henry’s speech
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
Benjamin Franklin’s visit to Parliament
Boston Massacre

22. Patrick Henry Speaks Out!
When the House of Burgesses met to consider the Stamp Act in May of Patrick Henry introduced the Virginia Resolutions protesting Parliament’s action
In his speech he stated that since Americans elected no members to the British Parliament they should not be taxed by them
This came to be know as “no taxation without representation”

23. Sons of Liberty
The Sons of Liberty carried out organized resistance by keeping watch on shopkeepers suspected of selling British goods
A group existed in almost every colony.
Members included middle and upper class citizens, anyone could join if they were trustworthy and had the skills the group needed.
Famous members included Paul Revere, John Adams and his cousin, Samuel Adams.

24. Daughters of Liberty
Colonial women organized the Daughters of Liberty to boycott British goods
They gave up imported clothes, made tea out of local herbs, and produced homespun cloth
One of the most influential Daughters of Liberty was Mercy Otis Warren, who published pamphlets supporting the resistance – she had to publish in a man’s name

25. The Boston Massacre
After Parliament repealed the Townshend duties, the first clash between British and Americans took place
On the night of March 5, 1770, a crowd of 50 or 60 men and boys gathered to taunt British soldiers outside the Boston Customs House
When the crowd went as far as to throw sticks and snowballs at the redcoats, the soldiers panicked and opened fire, killing five men
The event quickly became known as the Boston Massacre

26. The Boston Tea Party
In 1773 the British East India Company, facing bankruptcy, appealed to Parliament for assistance
Parliament quickly voted to give them a monopoly for the trade of tea in America
Opposition groups mobilized against the plan and forcing ships to turn back at New York and Philadelphia harbours
In Boston, Governor Hutchinson ordered that no ship could leave harbour without being unloaded
Colonists on a signal from Sam Adams disguised themselves as Mohawks, boarded the ship and heaved 342 chests of tea into the harbour

27. The Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
The Boston Port Act - closed the port of Boston to trade
The Massachusetts Government Act - revoked the colony's charter and forbade town meetings
The Quartering Act - required the colonists to provide billets for British soldiers
The Impartial Administration of Justice Act - removed British officials from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts courts

28. The Quebec Act
It was passed at the same time and considered by many as one of the Intolerable Acts
It extended the Canadian province of Quebec south to the Ohio River
It also allowed French Canadians use of their own legal system which did not recognize trial by jury
The colonists believed The Quebec Act was designed to keep American settlers out of western lands forever

29. The First Continental Congress
56 delegates from 12 colonies attended the first Continental Congress in Philadelphia in September, 1774
The Congress petitioned the King for relief from the Intolerable Acts and vowed to stop trade with Britain until the acts were repealed

30. Here come the Brits!
Early on April 19, 1775, 700 British soldiers were secretly sent to destroy the military supplies the colonists had collected at Concord
After learning the soldiers’ destination, the Sons of Liberty sent Paul Revere & William Dawes to warn the Minutemen of approaching British soldiers.
Fighting between the Americans and the British broke out near Boston – a city occupied in 1774 by the British army under General Thomas Gage

31. Lexington and Concord
When the British soldiers reached Lexington, Captain Jonas Parker and 75 armed Minutemen were there to meet them.
The Minutemen were greatly outnumbered. The British soldiers fired, killing 8 Minutemen and injuring 10 others.
While the British soldiers continued on their way to Concord, the men and women of Concord were busy moving the arms and ammunition to new hiding places in surrounding towns.

32. Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress was a body of representatives appointed by the legislatures of several British North American colonies which met from May 10, 1775, to March 1, 1781
By the time the Second Continental Congress met, the American Revolutionary War had already started with the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775.
Thus, the Second Continental Congress found itself in the unenviable position of being the decision-making body of a military alliance at war with a far more powerful enemy.

33. One Last Try The Congress created the Continental Army
They extended the Olive Branch Petition to the crown as an attempt at reconciliation.
King George III refused to receive it, issuing instead the Proclamation of Rebellion, requiring action against the "traitors".

34. Thomas Paine and Common Sense
In January 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense
He attacked the strongest bond tying tying America to Britain – the King
He pointed out the advantages of freedom from British rule and commercial restrictions
The book divided Americans into either Patriots or Loyalists

35. Independence!
Beginning in April of 1776, the colonies advised their delegates to vote for independence
On June 7th, Richard Henry Lee introduced a brief “Resolution of Independence”
On July 2nd, 1776, the Continental Congress adopted Lee’s resolution “that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be free and independent states.”

36. The Declaration of Independence
The Official Declaration of Independence was agreed upon on July 4th, 1776
Its purpose was to justify the Revolution, state that the colonies were independent and to express the nation’s principles
The rest is history!

37. Financing the War
Britain's war against the Americans, French and Spanish cost about £100 million
Heavy spending brought France to the verge of bankruptcy and revolution, while the British had relatively little difficulty financing their war

38. Britain is Split
On February 6, 1778, a Treaty of Amity and Commerce and a Treaty of Alliance were signed between the United States and France
William Pitt spoke out in Parliament urging Britain to make peace in American, and unite with America against France
Other British politicians who had previously sympathized with colonial grievances now turned against the American rebels for allying with British International rival and enemy

39. More Trouble for Britain
Later Spain (in 1779) and the Dutch (1780) became allies of the French, leaving the British Empire to fight a global war alone without major allies, and requiring it to slip through a combined blockade of the Atlantic.
The American theatre thus became only one front in Britain's war. The British were forced to withdraw troops from continental America to reinforce the valuable sugar- producing Caribbean colonies, which were considered more important.

40. Yorktown
The British army under Cornwallis marched to Yorktown, Virigina where they expected to be rescued by a British Fleet
The fleet came but so did a much larger French Fleet
Cornwallis was trapped and on October, 1781 after a siege, the British surrendered their second invading army of the war

41. Independence!
Many in Britain wanted to fight on but much of the support for the war in Britain was waning.
America finally finds its freedom on September 3rd, with the Treaty of Paris

42. Treaty of Paris, 1783
The British ceded the Thirteen Colonies to the new United States of America
The United States gained more than it expected because it was awarded western territory.
France won a propaganda victory over Britain after its defeat in the Seven Years' War, but its material gains were minor (Tobago, Senegal and small territories in India) but its financial losses were huge.
France borrowed to pay for the war and in the process used up all its credit and created the financial disasters that will mark the 1780s - This adds fuel to a fire that will culminate in the French Revolution
The Spanish conquered British West Florida but in the long run the territory was of little gain for them

43. The United States - the Big Winner
Significant gain in territory
It was the most democratic revolution of the 18th Century prior to the French Revolution
The American Revolution created the first state governments and ultimately a national government who’s power was not grounded in royal sovereignty or traditional privilege but on participation on the part of male citizens (white males to be exact)
The precedent set was even more important because it was the first time a colony successfully rebelled successfully over it’s European Masters