1. Short-Term Causes of WWI
( )

2. The 1st Moroccan Crisis of 1905
French Cartoon-Stock Photo 1905

3. Maps of area

4. A worried Germany New British-French relationship (Entente Cordiale)
Germany sought to cause friction between the two
Henry Campbell-Bannerman
Emile Loubet
Kaiser Wilhelm II

5. British-French Entente
Provisions allowed for mutual recognition of colonies
Britain supported a French takeover of Morocco->one of the last independent African states
France recognized British control of Egypt

6. Germany On the offensive
Promised to defend Moroccan independence
Demanded an international conference
Threatened war; France eventually accepted

7. Conference: Algeciras, Spain 1906
France finally agreed to meet
The British backed the French
The Germans had little support and were defeated

8. Cartoon Analysis Analyze the cartoon on the slide
In-Class discussion
Analyze the cartoon on the slide
What was Germany’s initial opinion of the Entente Cordiale, according to the cartoonist? How did this opinion change after 1906?

9. Results of the 1st Moroccan crisis
Germany gained no notable concessions in north Africa
Entente Cordiale- strengthened
Germany now seen as the key threat to British interests

10. The Bosnian crisis of 1908 & Background

12. 1st Moroccan crisis fallout
1907 – Britain and Russia sign Anglo-Russian entente
Germany forges closer relationship with Austria-Hungary
Would have an impact in Bosnian Crisis

13. Declining Ottoman Empire
Young Turks Revolution
The "eastern question"
Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina

14. Bosnia-Herzegovina annexation
Occupied by Austria-Hungary since 1878
Still formally Turkish
Caused outrage in Serbia who wanted to absorb

16. Bosnia-Herzegovina annexation
Secret approval by Russia with contingency…
Russia demanded support for their own treaty revisions in Bosporus and Dardanelles region
Austria-Hungary annexed before Russia could gain international support

17. Austria-Hungary & Russia: Strained Relations
Russia did not want to give Austria control over fellow Slavs
Germany promises Austrian support
Russia had little support from Britain & France

18. Austria-Hungary & Russia: Strained Relations
Russia weakened by war with Japan; had no other recourse
Russia agreed to recognize annexation

19. Results of the Bosnian crisis
Russia suffers international humiliation & begins to rearm
Serbia is enraged – increasing nationalism
The German-Austrian alliance appeared stronger
Ends era of cooperation in the Balkans between Russia and Austria-Hungary
Germany encourages Austro-Hungarian expansion

20. The Second Moroccan (Agadir) crisis -1911

22. The second Moroccan (Agadir) crisis – 1911
Rebellion in Fez (capital)
French troops called in
German accusation of a hostile French takeover
Sends a gunboat (the Panther) to Agadir
SMS Panther-

23. Agadir A small port on Morocco's Atlantic coast
Germany sought compensation for France's action
Germany demanded the French Congo!

24. "Gunboat diplomacy" Coined by the British – implying the threat of war
Britain worried about an Agadir acquisition – a threat to their naval base

25. The "mansion house speech"
Britain's chancellor of the exchequer David Lloyd George
Warning to Germany
Britain would not stand by while "her interests were affected"
Turned the Franco-German crisis into an Anglo-German issue

26. Results of the Agadir Crisis
Germany obtained two strips of French Congo territory
Hostile German public opinion to the settlement
Strengthened Anglo-French entente
Increased Anglo-German tension & suspicion

27. The first Balkan war – 1912

28. The Balkan alliance Formed by Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro
Encouraged by Russia (no military support)
Key objective:
Force Turkey from the Balkans
How: Take and divide Macedonia

29. First Balkan war – 1912 Weakened Turkey Young Turk Rev. (1908)
War w/ Italy ( )
Almost totally driven from Balkans in seven weeks
Austria horrified by a strengthened Serbia

30. First Balkan war – 1912 Austro-Hungarian generals call for war
Danger: Russia would support Serbia causing wider European war
British foreign secretary Sir Edward Grey calls London Peace Conference

31. Results of Conference
Former Turkish lands divided up between Baltic states
Austria-Hungary gets conference to contain Serbia by creating Albania
Strategically land-locks Serbia

32. The Second Balkan war – 1913

33. Second Balkan war – 1913
Born of disagreements from first Balkan war (Bulgaria dissatisfied)
Bulgaria – vs – Serbia and Greece over Serbian occupation
Bulgarians- too many of their people living in areas annexed to Serbia and Greece
Namely: Macedonia and Salonika

34. Second Balkan war – 1913
Austro-Hungarian foreign minister: Count Leopold Berchtold
Asked for German assistance
Feared Russian aid of Serbia
German gov’t urges restraint

35. Second Balkan war – 1913
Serbia/Greece/Turkey defeat Bulgaria

36. Second Balkan war – results
Serbia/Greece/Turkey defeat Bulgaria
Treaty of Bucharest (Aug )
Bulgaria loses most territory from first war

37. Second Balkan war – Consequences
Serbia again successful and doubles in size
An increase of nationalist feeling in Serbia and among Slavs
Serbia demonstrates its military strength – 200,000 man army

38. Second Balkan war – Consequences
Austria-Hungary now convinced it must crush Serbia
Diplomatic defeat for Germany
Strengthened German ties with Austria-Hungary

39. Other developments, 1900-1913 Nationalism more aggressive
Misguided domestic views of the war
War = short and heroic
Nationalism more aggressive
Exacerbated by popular press

40. Other developments, 1900-1913 General arms race (after 1871)
Increased military spending
Standing armies
Conscription
Armament build-up
No agreed upon limits

41. War Plans Other Plans: Plan 17 (France) Plans R & B (AH)
Schlieffen Plan
Other Plans:
Plan 17 (France)
Plans R & B (AH)
Addressed the two-front war w/France and Russia
France first: invade through Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourgcapture Paris
Meet Eastern Front
Moltke: Reduced neutral territory invaded
Inflexible w/several inaccuracies

42. Questions
Explain the position/feelings of each of the following states following the Second Balkan War:
Austria-Hungary
Serbia
Bulgaria
Turkey
For what reasons had the Balkan Wars of 1912/1913 not escalated into a general European War?