1. Doing Research in Behavior Analysis

2. 4 Phases of a program Screening Baseline Treatment
How do we know if the treatment actually caused the change in behavior?
Screening
Baseline
Treatment
Follow-up

3. ANALYZING DATA

4. FREQUENCY GRAPH

5. BAR GRAPH (FREQUENCY)

6. CUMMULATIVE GRAPH

7. CUMMULATIVE GRAPH

8. INTERVENTION DESIGNS
TO RULE OUT ALTERNATIVE ________________ FOR CHANGE
BASELINE ( MEASURE BEFORE INTERVENTION
VERIFY BEHAVIOR __________
VERIFY YOUR ______________
COMPARRISON FOR ______________
BEHAVIOR MAY CHANGE
EXPLANATIONS
STATE
MEASURE
INTERVENTION

9. Training/Treatment-Designs
TO RULE OUT ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS
Reversal design
Multiple Baseline
Across behavior, settings, or people
Alternating treatments(multi-element)
Changing criterion

10. Reversal-replication(ABAB)
Dependent variable
The measure of the ____________ to change
Independent variable
The treatment
“A” is the baseline; “B” is the treatment
Conditions are “reversed” to baseline
Treatment is “_______________ ”
Also called the “withdrawal” design
behavior
replicated

11. ABAB REVERSAL DESIGN

12. Some questions
Assuming response definition,observer accuracy,& data recording are OK…
How long a baseline?
Stability,
Trends
How representative of the actual behavior

13. VISUAL ANALYSIS Immediacy of effects
____________ OF VALUES FROM BASELINE TO INTERVENTION
____________ OF DATA IN BASELINE
TREND IN BASELINE IN THE EXPECTED ______________ OF INTERVENTION
OVERLAP
STABILITY
DIRECTION

14. EFFECTIVE TRAINING

15. LESS EFFECTIVE

16. WEAK EFFECT

17. INCREASED VARIATION

18. CLEAR EFFECT

19. TREND IN BASELINE

20. CLEAR EFFECT

21. CLEAR EFFECT

22. EFFECTIVE TREATMENT
NUMBER

23. NOT EFFECTIVE
NUMBER

24. TREND IN BASELINE
NUMBER

25. Why?

26. WHY?
DRO PRAISE

27. WHAT HAPPENED?

28. WHY?

29. Other considerations Scientific—is this phenomenon new? longer
Yes—perhaps a ___________ baseline
Practical -how much time do we have?
What resources are available?
Ethical – How _____________ is the behavior?
longer
dangerous

30. Other questions How many reversals & replications?
If the phenomenon is well researched & the treatment effect is large perhaps one is OK.
If the effect is small and / or the phenomenon is new perhaps several

31. Other questions ethical Is reversing effective treatment _______ ?
What if the behavior change is _________________ ?
Behavior traps ( e.g., social interaction, physical restrictions[ golf driving]))
irreversible

32. MULTIPLE BASELINE two Baseline _____ behaviors concurrently
Baseline one behavior in two __________ concurrently
Baseline a treatment across ________
Baseline different behaviors across different ____________
Assumes behaviors are independent
situations
people
situations

33. MULTIPLE BASELINE

34. Potential problems
If behavior changes on both situations ( due to stimulus generalization across situations for example) no conclusion can be drawn regarding the independent variable
The behavior may not occur in more than one situation
One treated person may influence the next to be treated person
Not enough observers

35. ALTERNATING Rx (multi-element)
How to compare two different treatments for the same behavior?
A multiple baseline is not well suited to do this
So…we rapidly alter RX back and forth and watch for effects under each condition

36. ALTERNATING Rx

37. Multi-element used in Functional Analyses

38. Potential Problems interact
Two conditions may _________ (extinction burst in play condition after attention condition) or due to stimulus generalization across conditions

39. Changing Criterion values
Specific _______ of the independent variable are introduced in order
E.G. number of steps that are required for reinforcement
Different values of the reinforcement schedule

41. Issues Scientific effectiveness > # of replications = > effect
< overlapping points > effect
The sooner the effect
The larger the effect
The more precisely defined procedures
The more reliable the measures
The more consistent with the literature

42. Issues Clinical effectiveness Social Validity
How important was the problem to the person?
How acceptable were the procedures
How satisfied is the person with the outcome

43. Issues (Larry’s)
If we don’t do research on clinical effectiveness and only provide “clinical service” where does better treatment come from?
Just because we provide only “clinical” service and don’t do research can we afford not to take reliability measures?