1. Overview of Respiratory System
Primary Bronchi – branch to left, branch to right
Left is more horizontal due to placement of heart
Why important to have white blood cells in our lungs?

2. Tracheotomy
Surgical operation where tube is inserted into trachea to provide a passageway for air when pharynx is obstructed by edema or cancer or other causes

3. Endotracheal Tube (Intubation)
Procedure when flexible tube is inserted through mouth down into the trachea

4. Bronchi Tracheobrachial tree Primary Bronchus
Lobar bronchi (2 left, 3 right)
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar Sacs

5. Composition & Structure Of Air Passages
As the passageways get smaller:
Structure of walls are less cartilage, more smooth muscle
Cell type changes
Composition of the passageways changes:
Relaxation and Contraction changes diameter of the air passageways
during exercise the diameter increases = increased volume of air flow
during asthma attack, contraction of muscle = reduced air flow

6. Cell Types / Locations Trachea/Bronchi Pseudostratified Bronchioles
Simple Columnar
Terminal & Respiratory bronchioles
Simple cuboidal
Alveoli
Simple squamous

7. Composition & Structure Of Air Passages
As the passageways get smaller:
Trachea/Bronchi: pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Composition of the passageways changes:
Relaxation and Contraction changes diameter of the air passageways
during exercise the diameter increases = increased volume of air flow
during asthma attack, contraction of muscle = reduced air flow

8. Composition & Structure Of Air Passages
As the passageways get smaller:
simple columnar (bronchioles) and ciliated simple cuboidal (terminal bronchioles)
Composition of the passageways changes:
Relaxation and Contraction changes diameter of the air passageways
during exercise the diameter increases = increased volume of air flow
during asthma attack, contraction of muscle = reduced air flow

9. Less cartilage, More smooth muscle
Smooth muscle wrapped around
Bronchiole
Terminal Bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Relaxation and Contraction changes diameter of the air passageways
during exercise, diameter = increased volume of air flow
during asthma attack, contraction of muscle = reduced air flow

10. Alveoli Alveolar ducts end as 2-3 alveolar sacs
300 million alveoli in the lungs

11. Alveoli
Respiratory membrane: all of the areas in which gas exchange occurs between air and blood
Alveoli are the major area of gas exchange
If the thickness of the respiratory membrane increases, this will decrease the rate of diffusion across
Some does occur in respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

12. Pulmonary Edema Patients have fluid accumulate in the alveoli
Gases must diffuse through a thicker layer of fluid than normal
Oxygen is affected more because it diffuses 20x less easily than carbon dioxide

13. Asthma Chronic condition when airways of lungs inflame and narrow
Treatment: quick relief meds like corticosteroids that relieve inflammation

14. Take five normal, quiet breaths.
Now, take a normal breath. At the end of the normal inspiration, draw in as much as you can.
Now, take three normal, quiet breaths. As you finish expiration – forcefully push out MORE air.
Residual volume is amount STILL left in your lungs
With each breath at rest, you are drawing in and exhaling about 500 mL of air.
This is your tidal volume
This is the reserve volume – the additional you can breath in (about 3000 mL)
This is your reserve expiratory volume (about 1100mL)

15. Four Pulmonary Volumes
Tidal volume: amount at rest that can be inspired or expired. ~500mL
Inspiratory reserve volume: amount that can be forcefully inspired after resting tidal volume. ~3000mL
Expiratory reserve volume: amount that can be forcefully expired after resting tidal volume ~1100 mL
Residual volume: volume of air still in lungs after maximum expiration. ~1200mL
Take five normal, quiet breaths.
With each breath at rest, you are drawing in and exhaling about 500 mL of air.
This is your tidal volume
Now, take a normal breath. At the end of the normal inspiration, draw in as much as you can. This is the reserve volume – the additional you can breath in (about 3000 mL)
Now, take three normal, quiet breaths. As you finish expiration – forecefully push out MORE air. This is your reserve expiratory volume (about 1100mL)
Residual volume is amount STILL left in your lungs

16. Pleural Cavity Lung found in thoracic cavity
Each lung surrounded by PLEURAL cavity
Serous membrane called “pleura” surrounds each lung

17. Pleural Cavity Lung found in thoracic cavity
Each lung surrounded by PLEURAL cavity
Serous membrane called “pleura” surrounds each lung

18. Ventilation Ventilation = breathing Inspiration (Inhalation)
Expiration (Exhalation)
Respiratory muscles are responsible for changes in thoracic volume
This produces changes in air pressure in the lungs
This produces ventilation

19. Intercostals Diaphragm
Dome of muscle that separates thoracic from abdominal cavity
Intercostals
Muscles of the ribs (costal)

20. Movement of Diaphragm

21. As volume of increases, pressure decreases
As respiration muscles change thoracic volume they alter the pressure within the thoracic cavity
Air flows from high to low pressure
If pressure is higher outside the body than in the thoracic cavity, air will flow toward in