1. GEO 401 Foundation Geography Transportation and Communication
Dr. Md. Asif Iqubal
Department of Geography
FNU Lautoka Campus

2. Transportation
Transport facilitates trade and commerce by carrying goods from the areas of production to that of consumption.
Goods from the areas that have surplus are shifted to those areas which are deficient in those items.
Movement of people from one place to another place in search of job, education and emergency through transport facility.
Communication keeps us informed about the world’s events and trends.
It brings in positive changes in the life of the people and thereby enhancing their economic conditions.

3. "The ideal transport mode would be instantaneous, free, have an unlimited capacity and always be available. It would render space obsolete. This is obviously not the case. Space is a constraint for the construction of transport networks. Transportation appears to be an economic activity different from the others. It trades space with time and thus money" (translated from Merlin, 1992).

4. THE MODES OF TRANSPORT
The modes of transport on which the countries depend for connecting people, growth and development are as under:
i. Land transport:
a. Road transport
c. Railway transport
ii. Water transport:
a. Inland waterways
b. Seaways and Oceanic waterways
iii. Air transport:
a. International airways
b. National airways

5. Key Dimensions of Transportation
Historical
Changes brought by transport technologies. Rise and cohesion of civilizations (e.g. Egypt, Rome and China). Development of modern nation states.
Economic
Transport and economic development (indirectly and directly). Factor in the production and added-value of goods and services. Facilitates economies of scale. Influences land (real estate) value. Contributes to the specialization of regions.
Social
Access to healthcare, welfare, and cultural events. Shape social interactions.
Political
Nation building and national unity. National defense (Roman empire, American road network). Rules and regulations. Mobility often subsidized (e.g. public transit or highways).
Environmental
Important environmental impacts. Pollution, exploitation of natural resources.

6. Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs
Road C3
Transport costs per unit
Rail
Maritime D1 D2
Distance

7. Geographical Settings of Rail Lines
Penetration Lines
Local / Regional Networks
Transcontinental Lines
Nation A
Nation B

8. World Rail Passenger Traffic, 1980-2010
Source: International Union of Railways,
International Union of Railways,

9. Passengers rail transportation demand has not grown much over the last 20 years, with most of the growth attributed to Asia.
From the 1980s up to the early 2000s there was limited change in the utilization level of most national passenger rail transport systems.
This is mainly attributable to intense competition from both road (average distances ) and air (long distance) transportation.
For instance, its passengers function in North America is residual while Western Europe has focused on the development of high speed passengers rail systems.
This has permitted European rail to maintain its general level of utilization
Ref:

10. Types and Functions of Rail Freight Corridors
Short distance (within a gateway / hub)
Modal shift, improved capacity and throughput.
Hinterland access (between a gateway and its vicinity)
Expand market area, reduce distribution costs & congestion
Landbridge (between gateways)
Long distance container flows, continuity of global commodity chains
Circum-hemispheric (between gateways with a maritime segment)
Integrated global transport chains

11. Domains of Maritime Circulation

12. Types of Maritime Routes
Port-to-Port
Pendulum
Round-the-World

13. Evergreen Round-the-World Route, Westbound
New York
Norfolk
Pusan
Tokyo
Charleston
Los Angeles
Hong Kong
Osaka
Hakata
Laem Chabang
Kaohsiung
Colon
Columbo
Thamesport
Hamburg
Rotterdam
Zeebrugge
Le Havre

14. Early Intercontinental Air Routes, 1930s
Eyeries
London
Amsterdam
Paris
Botwood
Toulouse
Brindisi
Athens
Dayr az Zawr
Lisbon
Marseilles
Baghdad
New York
Azores
Basra
Alicante
Tangier
Alexandria
Jask
Gwadar
Karachi
Jodhpur
Allahabad
Gaza
Casablanca
Cairo
Calcutta
Agadir
Akyab
Kuwait
Rangoon
Wadi Halfa
Sharjah
Bangkok
Khartoum
Dakar
Alor Setar
Juba
Singapore
Nairobi
Medan
Waingapu
Mbeya
Darwin
Natal
Palembang
Jakarta
Harare
Surabaya
Kupang
Source: adapted from B. J. Graham (1995) Geography and Air Transport, New York: Wiley, p. 13.
Johannesburg
Katherine
Brisbane
Mount Isa
Santiago
Rio de Janeiro
Longreach
Cape Town
Charleville
Imperial Airways African Route (c1933)
Sydney
Buenos Aires
Imperial Airways/Quantas Australian Route (c1934)
Aeropostale (1930)
KLM Amsterdam – Jakarta (1935)
Punta Arenas
Pan American Transatlantic Route (1939)

15. World Air Travel and World Air Freight Carried, 1950-2012
Source: Air Transport Association.
Source: Airlines for America

16. World Air Travel and World Air Freight Carried, Air transportation experienced a high rate of growth since the 1970s, with air freight growing at a rate similar to that of passengers.
The growth of air traffic has also been characterized by several fluctuations linked with recessions ( ; ; ; Asian Crisis of 1997; ) or geopolitical instability (Gulf War of 1991; September ).
In spite of these setbacks, the growth appears to be exponential and will level of when developing economies such as China and India will become more mature and would thus have compounded the demand effects on the air transport industry.

17. The main factors behind the growth of passengers and freight traffic, as measured in passengers-km or ton-km, are linked with greater volumes being carried, but also the average distance over which they are being carried.
The changing structure of air transport networks is also at play since the development of hubs involves less direct connections. The development of passenger services tends to induce freight demand since each additional plane offers cargo capacity, which is made available on the market.

18. World’s 10 Largest Passengers and Freight Airlines, 2010
Source: IATA, World Air Transport Statistics

19. Characteristics of Major Air Travel Markets
United States
Europe
Pacific Asia
Deregulation started in 1978
Deregulation started in 1997
Regulated markets with government ownership
Low population density and dispersed urban centers
High population density and concentrated urban centers
Dispersion of urban centers but high regional concentrations
Relatively open air spaces and airports
Congested air spaces and airports
Congested gateway airports underutilized regional airports
Rail minor competitor; Car compete for short distances
High speed rail is a direct competitor; Rail is a minor competitor; Car compete for short distances
Except for Japan, less competition from other transportation modes
No loyalty to carriers (pricing and frequent flyers)
Some lingering loyalty to carriers
Strong “imposed” loyalty to carriers
Price transparency
Price becoming transparent
Price not transparent
Limited income growth and limited leisure
Limited income growth and more leisure time
Growing income levels
Source: adapted from Randy Baseler (2003) “Market Outlook for Air Travel: A Global Perspective”, 2nd Annual MIT Airline Industry - Washington DC Conference.

20. Major Air Freight Flows Between Regions, 2003 (in billions of ton-km)
24.2
North America
9.9
Europe
11.6
24.2
22.4
1.3
13.8
12.3
3.3
12.4
13.8
1.9
9.1
2.2
2.7
2.5
0.1
2.7
1.7
Asia / Pacific
4.6
Middle East
0.1
Africa
0.1
Source: Clancy, B. and D. Hoppin (2004) The MergeGlobal World Air Freight Forecast, MergeGlobal, Inc.
Latin America

21. Seat Capacity of Selected Aircrafts, 1970-2000
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography , Hofstra University, New York, USA. This material (including graphics) cannot be copied or redistributed, in whole or in part, in ANY FORM (printed or electronic) and on ANY MEDIA. For specific uses permission MUST be requested and the material must be cited.

22. Main pre-1985 models are characterized by high capacity, such as the 747 and the L1011.
They were attempts to replace low capacity and low performance models.
While the 747 and the DC10 were mainly built for intercontinental flights (the was also used for short high capacity flights, mainly in Japan), the L1011 targeted continental services.
Although Boeing continued to provide high capacity planes ( and ), main post-1985 models have a lower capacity but increased fuel efficiency.
This fits well the requirements of regional hub-and-spoke networks that have emerged since deregulation (1978) where smaller capacities and high frequencies are the norm.

23. Fiji Transport
Fiji is heavily dependent on transportation services. The transport sector accounts for around 12 per cent of GDP.
Government's major role in the transport sector is through the development of infrastructure (roads, jetties and airstrips), and providing the regulatory framework for the operation of all transport modes.
Statutory bodies run the major airports and ports.
Refrence:

24. Transport services are mainly provided by the private sector, though government is also involved in inter-island shipping, shipbuilding and ship repair.
As a shareholder in the airline industry, government also assumes a planning role in relation to the various transport modes.
The National Transport Sector Plan was produced in
Refrence:

25. Fiji's local transport network is quite good and offers a number of options to tourists ranging from flights to taxis, buses and passenger ferries.
Flights operate regularly connecting Nadi and Suva taking approximately 35 minutes however shared or private taxis are quite cheap and a great way to see the countryside.
The national speed limit is 80 km/h

26. Fiji is serviced by five major airlines: Air New Zealand, Air Pacific, Qantas, Virgin Blue and Korean Air, all of which fly into Nadi Airport, right next to the Mamanuca Islands.
Bus- Bus services come in three categories and are priced accordingly. The local buses with open windows and padded seats provide a regular, cheap service to all parts of Fiji.
They stop where required and can be waved down.
Express buses only stop at designated areas and towns. They depart from the bus terminals in each town and from bus shelters along the way.
Air-conditioned coaches run between Nadi and Suva along the Coral Coast to a twice daily schedule, with pick-up and drop-offs at hotels and resorts.

27. Airlines
Nadi is Fiji’s main international airport with Air Pacific and Air New Zealand operating regular services from Australia, New Zealand, Cook Islands, Japan, and the USA.
Other carriers servicing Fiji including Korean Air, Air Vanuatu, Polynesian Air, Marshall Air, Air Nauru, AirCalin, Air Niugini and Pacific Blue. Domestic services to air strips around Fiji are provided by Pacific Sun and Air Fiji.
Charter seaplane and helicopter operators fly from Nadi.

28. Ferry Services
The Mamanuca and Yasawa islands are serviced by daily ferries departing from Denarau Marina near Nadi.
Ferries to the Mamanuca Islands depart three times a day.
Beachcomber Cruises, Pattersons Ferries and Consort Shipping run regular services to Vanua Levu departing from Suva, Natovi Jetty (north of Suva), Ellington Wharf (Rakiraki) or Nadi/Lautoka.
Patterson Ferries and Emosi Ferries provide weekly services between Suva and Kadavu - these are mainly for cargo.
Local boats may offer their services. However, they are generally unlicensed and do not carry safety equipment.

29. Telecommunications in Fiji
Public payphone in Fiji
Country Code +679 Telephones - main lines in use 112,500 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular 315,000 (2007)
Telephone system Modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated)
public and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; regional radio communications center Domestic: NA
International: Access to important cable links between US and Canada as well as between NZ and Australia (Southern Cross Cable Network); satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations AM 13, FM 40, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios 500,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations 2 (Terrestrial)
Televisions 21,000 (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 5 (2010)

30. Post Fiji Post Fiji Limited commenced as an entity from 1 July 1996.
Post Fiji's core activities are message communication in letters, and distributing courier and parcel items. It also provides stamps, financial transactions, telegram services and just recently, data processing and mail production services called Smartmail.
Post Fiji is responsible for the collection, processing and delivery of letters, parcels and urgent documents to some 56,000 letterboxes and some 15,000 residential addresses in Fiji. The Post and Telecommunications Decree 1989 gives Post Fiji the sole authority to convey letters from one place to another and to perform all the incidental services of accepting, receiving, collecting and delivering letters.

31. Post Fiji Until 1989, Fiji's postal operations were a division of a government department called the Department of Posts and Telecommunications.
Subsequently, the department became corporatised in 1990 and from this first year of corporatisation to 30 June 1996, Fiji Posts and Telecommunications was restructured three times. On 30 June 1996, the inevitable separation of Post and Telecommunications was formalized. Two new entities rose in its stead - Post Fiji Ltd and Telecom Fiji Ltd.
Media- Fiji has an active press with two daily papers and the publications in the three major languages. (Fiji Sun, Fiji Times, The Jet, Shanti dooth, etc)