1. Sunu Bagaskara Universitas YARSI
Gender Differences in Risky Riding Behavior: An Exploration Study of Motorcyclists in Jabodetabek
Sunu Bagaskara
Universitas YARSI

3. Introduction
In Indonesia, 25,858 people were killed and more than 123,000 injured in road traffic accidents in 2016 (Korlantas, 2017)
In Jakarta alone, traffic accidents killed 678 people
61% due to human error (Kemenhub, 2017)
Finding means to reduce the number of accidents would be of great benefit for the society at large
The present study investigates how gender is related to risky riding in a sample of motorcyclists in Greater Jakarta area

4. Introduction
Research has consistently found the association between gender and risk behavior, i.e., males are more willing to take risks than females
From evolutionary perspective it has been argued that it is necessary for males to take risks and that this tendency has become an adaptation strategy (Buss, 2004)
In terms of risk behavior in road traffic, gender differences have been reported by numerous researchers
Turner & McClure (2003) found that males were twice as likely to have reported at least one crash as a driver compared to females and nearly three times as likely to have reported two or more crashes

5. Introduction Males tend to:
perceive traffic violations as less dangerous (Yagil, 1998)
show greater positive affect for risky driving behavior (Rhodes & Pivik, 2011)
perceive that they have greater driving skill in risky situations (DeJoy, 1992; Farrow & Brissing, 1990)
engage in unsafe driving behaviors, such as drinking and driving, and speeding (Harré, Field, & Kirkwood, 1996; Oltedal & Rundmo, 2006)
engage in aggressive driving and commit more violations (Blockley & Hartley, 1995; Jonah, 1990)

6. Introduction Females tend to:
express a higher motivation to comply with traffic rules (Yagil, 1998)
to be less optimistic when making comparisons about their driving skills to the average motorist (deJoy, 1992)
perceive risky driving behaviors as generally more serious and more likely to results in accidents (deJoy, 1992; Rhodes & Pivik, 2011)
make more errors with control aspects when taking a driving test (Forsyth, 1993)

7. Introduction
Most previous research were conducted in Western, developed countries
Indonesia is a more motorcycle-centric country (98.8 millions units or 81.5% of registered vehicles)
Study focusing on motorcyclists is scarce

8. Method
Participants
212 males (mean age=23,0, S.D.=5.90) and 141 females (mean age=23,2, S.D.=6.14)
Riding experience: males M=8.05 years, S.D.=5.12; females=7.26 years, S.D=6.17, t=1.303, df=352, p=.193

9. Method
Measures:
Demographic questionnaire: age, gender, experience, driving license
Risky driving behavior scale (Rhodes & Pivik, 2011), 17 items, 5-point scale (1=never, 5=almost always); a=.90
Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (Hoyle et al., 2002), 7 items, 5-point scale (1=strongly disagree, 5=strongly agree); a=.70

10. Method
Procedure:
Questionnaires were distributed by research assistants using convenience sampling via an online questionnaire platform
Friends, family and colleagues of the researchers were approached, informed about the research and asked to participate
No personal details were collected which could allow the identification of the participant
Respondents were told that the study aimed to explore the relationship between riding experience and riding behavior
They were all assured that the results would only be used for scientific purposes and that all information provided was completely confidential and anonymous
Participants were not given any monetary compensation whatsoever

11. Results Correlation matrix 1 2 3 4 5 Experience - .155* -.044 .655**
-.069 SS
-.029
.180**
.070
RDB
-.203**
-.261**
Age
.023
Gender
Note. * p<.01, ** p<.001, SS=Sensation Seeking; RDB=Risky Driving Behavior; Gender=1 (male) & 2 (females)

12. Results
Male motorcyclists reported higher frequency of risky riding behavior (M=38.2, S.D=10.38) compared to female motorcyclists (M=32.9, S.D=8.43), t=5.039, df=352, p<.001
A One-way ANCOVA was conducted to determine a statistically significant difference between males and females on the risky riding behavior mean score controlling for age
There’s a significant effect of gender on risky riding behavior after controlling for age, F(1, 350)=15.1, p<.001

13. Results Risky riding behaviors Mean t p Male (SD) Female (SD)
Switching lanes frequently
3.22 (.92)
2.82 (.92)
4.015
<.001
Exceeding speed limit
2.51 (1.00)
1.87 (.88)
6.173
Riding fast on curves
2.06 (.96)
1.68 (.82)
3.919
Riding after drinking
1.34 (.71)
1.10 (.43)
3.600
Riding through a red light
2.11 (.93)
1.89 (.92)
2.132
<.005
Braking hard to stop in time
2.22 (.99)
1.87 (.82)
3.467

14. Results Risky riding behaviors Mean t p Male (SD) Female (SD)
Racing with other vehicles
2.50 (1.07)
1.95 (1.00)
4.906
<.001
Overtaking other vehicle on curves
2.14 (1.03)
1.63 (.90)
4,784
Turning or switching lane without giving a sign
2.07 (.92)
1.69 (.83)
3.962
Not reducing speed on curves
1.99 (.94)
1.48 (.65)
5.588
Not keeping safe distance with other vehicle
2.14 (.94)
1.76 (.79)
3.940

15. Results Risky riding behaviors Mean t p Male (SD) Female (SD)
Performing fast acceleration and braking
2.32 (.92)
2.17 (.82)
4.015
.111
Riding while fatigue/sleepy
2.25 (1.03)
2.18 (.96)
.752
.469
Doing things that can distract you while riding
2.35 (1.06)
2.13 (1.00)
1.960
.051
Getting distracted by passengers activities
2.65 (1.04)
2.61 (.96)
.372
.710
Riding against the traffic direction
2.00 (.90)
1.89 (.86)
1.050
.294
Not wearing helmet
2.34 (1.05)
2.23 (.96)
1.039
.300

16. Discussion
Male motorcyclists take more risks in riding, even after controlling for age
Consistent with previous research
SS is not correlated with RDB

17. Limitations Self-report method
Online-offline questionnaire cross validation