1. Shit for the Future
Sanitation in emergencies
SanCop
April 2014

2. Sticky Questions? Population without basic Sanitation
2.4 Billion (40%) WHO
Solids produced per person per day
O.4 L/p/d
Urine p/d
1 .5 Litre

3. Average life span of a camp latrine
Poo Facts
Average life span of a camp latrine
3-6 months before desludging
Average cost of 1 single latrine
Labour / slab + superstructure Liberia £100, Dadaab £134 Dolo Ado Double Vault UD £300

4. Sanitation was the poor cousin
Pre 1994 – Dome slabs, wooden slabs, san plat Small Monaflex plastic slab
1995 Oxford Emergency Sanitation Conference
1999 1st Oxfam 1.2 x 0.8m plastic slab
2000 Bio additive trials with Cranfield & LSTHM
2002 Oxford 2nd Sanitation meeting – additives don’t work

5. Sanitation is looking up
2009 Gates LSHTM Pit Latrine Bio – additives Project
Black Fly Larvae, Tiger Worms , Bio Bomb
2011 Stoutenberg 1 – WASTE
2012 Stoutenberg II
Dutch Government grant
Emergencies Sanitation Project

6. Gap Analysis from Stoutenburg Meeting
No toilet option – bio degradable plastic bags
Squatting latrine slab (alternative to Nag Magic)
Urine diversion latrine slab
Sitting latrine slab
Latrine slab for smaller people (children)
Latrine slab for less abled people
Latrine superstructure
Raised latrine kit
Latrine lining kits
Desludging diaphragm pump
Sludge collection, treatment & disposal

7. The story continues..Is Sanitation now No 1 (?)
2012 Speedkits Project
2012 Deft Sanitation conference
st Gates Reinvent the toilet challenge
2013 HIF Gap Analysis – excreta disposal is no 1
nd Reinvent the toilet forum in Delhi
2014 Design a Bog day
2014 HIF Challenges – Urban latrines
2014 Session on toilets at the global WASH cluster meeting

8. Problem Statement
Floods / inundation of water
High water tables
Unstable soils
Hard rock
Small foot print
Lack of space and access (latrines & emptying)
Urban areas, which land owners prohibit digging of emergency trench / pit latrines
Squatters / sitters
Desludging
Beyond containment, but also collection, treatment & disposal
Anal cleansing (water, rocks, husks, tissue)
Latrine being a dumping site for garbage/household waste
Protection / security issues at night
Excreta Disposal in difficult environments - Urban and no pit options

9. Urine diversion example from Haiti

10. UD in Dolo Ado, Ethiopia

11. Tiger Toilets
Tiger worm (Eishenia. foetida)
Eudrilus engeniae

12. Modified Biofil
Adding coconut fibre
Adding worms

13. Portable Toilet In Open Condition
Cover
“O” Ring to arrest smell
Handle
Outlet connection
Latch
Cap on outlet connection

14. Emergency latrine slabs – urine diversion
Plastic ball to
arrest smell
Cleansing Bowl
Urine Tray
Top View (with cover closed)
Top View (with cover open)
Bottom View
Supplier: Nag Magic

15. Emergency latrine slab catered for the smaller people….children
Slab size of
1200 x 800 x 55 mm
Slab size of
1200 x 800 x 55 mm
Supplier: Nag Magic

16. Some examples from the field to combat latrine collapse

17. Sludge collection, treatment & disposal
We can do better than this ……

18. New out of sight out of mind ideas
Bio-additives India + Swiss
Compact Treatment plants
Loowatt
Centrifugal Urine separator (not new)
Poo Powder
Bio fuel cells

19. Floating UD Latrine – Crazy or innovative

20. Any questions?
Thank you!