1. Involvement of a crime P

2. Perpetrator
The perpetrator is the person who actually commits the crime. More than one person would be called co-perpetrators

3. Aiding
Aiding is a criminal offence that involves helping a perpetrator commit a crime.
If people are not directly involved with committing a crime but are partly responsible for it by somehow assisting the perpetrator, they are known as parties to an offence. A person aiding in a crime does not need to be present during the crime when it is committed

4. Abetting
Abetting is encouraging the perpetrator to commit the crime without providing physical assistance. The party arrested for abetting must be aware that a criminal action was intended and must have committed some action that assisted the perpetrator. Presence at the time of the offence can be used as evidence of aiding and abetting if it is accompanied by other factors such as prior knowledge of the perpetrator’s intention to commit the offence. Question- Should all presence at a school ground fight, who are cheering on the fight, be charged with abetting?

5. Counselling
Counselling a crime involves advising, recommending, or persuading another person to commit a criminal offence.
As with aiding, a person charged with counseling does not need to be at the scene of a crime.

6. Accessory After the Fact
Accessory After the Fact: someone who knowingly receives, comforts, or assists a perpetrator in escaping from the police.

7. Party to Common Intention
Party to Common Intention- the shared responsibility among criminals for any additional offences that are committed in the course of the crime they originally intended to commit. Eg. Six people rob a bank and one of them shoots a teller, all six can be charged with murder.

8. Incomplete Crimes
Both actus reus and mens rea need to be present for a crime to exist, therefore there can be no theft where property is not actually taken; however, there are exceptions to this rule. These fall into two categories of Incomplete Crimes: criminal attempt & conspiracy

9. Criminal attempt
Attempt is the intention to commit a crime, even when the crime is not completed. An attempt does not require actus Reus, but technically the guilty act begins the moment mere preparation turns into an action required to commit the offence. Mens Rea can be established as occurring at the beginning of an illegal act.
To prove criminal attempt, the Crown need only show the accused had the necessary intent and took some obvious steps toward committing the crime.

10. Conspiracy
Conspiracy is an agreement between two or more people to carry out an illegal act, even if the act does not actually occur. Even if the conspirators change their minds or do not get a chance to commit the offence, they are still guilty of conspiracy because they once agreed to commit the crime.