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The Consolidation of Latin America, 1810–1920
26 The Consolidation of Latin America, 1810–1920
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Figure Emperor Maximilian was finally captured after his attempt, with French help, to reestablish a monarchy in Mexico. Well meaning, he eventually lost the support of the conservatives. Juárez refused to spare his life, as a warning to other ambitious nations that Mexico would remain independent. Manet's painting of the execution of Maximilian, shown here flanked by his two loyal generals facing the firing squad reflected Europe's shock. (Edouard Manet (1832–1883), "The Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, June 19, 1867." Oil on canvas. Location: Staedtische Kunsthalle, Mannheim, Germany. Art Resource, NY.) Figure Emperor Maximilian was finally captured after his attempt, with French help, to reestablish a monarchy in Mexico. Well meaning, he eventually lost the support of the conservatives. Juárez refused to spare his life, as a warning to other ambitious nations that Mexico would remain independent. Manet's painting of the execution of Maximilian, shown here flanked by his two loyal generals facing the firing squad reflected Europe's shock. (Edouard Manet (1832–1883), "The Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, June 19, 1867." Oil on canvas. Location: Staedtische Kunsthalle, Mannheim, Germany. Art Resource, NY.)
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Chapter Overview From Colonies to Nations
New Nations Confront Old and New Problems Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870 Societies in Search of Themselves
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TIMELINE 1800 C.E. to 1900 C.E. TIMELINE 1800 C.E. to 1900 C.E.
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From Colonies to Nations
Causes of Political Change American Revolution Model French Revolution Ideology Too radical
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From Colonies to Nations
Causes of Political Change Toussaint L'Overture 1791 slave revolt Republic of Haiti, 1804 French invasion of Spain
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From Colonies to Nations
Spanish-American Independence Struggles Mexico Father Miguel de Hidalgo 1810, alliance with Indians and mestizos Augustín de Iturbide 1824, collapse of new state
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From Colonies to Nations
Spanish-American Independence Struggles Simon Bolívar Creole Independence movement, 1810 , victories Gran Columbia Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador 1830, split
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From Colonies to Nations
Spanish-American Independence Struggles José de San Martín Rio de la Plata Buenos Aires, autonomous, 1810 1816, United Provinces of Rio de la Plata 1813, Paraguay splits 1825, all Spanish colonies independent
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Figure Simon Bolívar (1783–1830) led the struggle for political independence in northern South America. Son of a wealthy Creole family, he became an ardent proponent of independence and a firm believer in the republican form of government. On his deathbed, Bolívar asked his closest aide to burn all of his letters and other writings. Knowing how valuable these papers would be to future historians, the aide disobeyed the order. Figure Simon Bolívar (1783–1830) led the struggle for political independence in northern South America. Son of a wealthy Creole family, he became an ardent proponent of independence and a firm believer in the republican form of government. On his deathbed, Bolívar asked his closest aide to burn all of his letters and other writings. Knowing how valuable these papers would be to future historians, the aide disobeyed the order.
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From Colonies to Nations
Brazilian Independence 1807, French invasion of Portugal Royal family, elite, to Brazil Rio de Janeiro, capital João VI of Portugal In Brazil until 1820 Pedro left in Brazil as regent 1822, Pedro declares Brazil independent Pedro I
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Figure The battle of Maipu in April 1818 sealed the fate of the royalist forces in Chile. Jose de San Martin led the combined Chilean and Argentine insurgent forces and their victory led to the independence of Chile. Throughout South America between1810 and 1825 the rebel forces were slowly mobilized into effective armies, but subsequently the new nations had to confront the personal and institutional power of the former commanders. Figure The battle of Maipu in April 1818 sealed the fate of the royalist forces in Chile. Jose de San Martin led the combined Chilean and Argentine insurgent forces and their victory led to the independence of Chile. Throughout South America between1810 and 1825 the rebel forces were slowly mobilized into effective armies, but subsequently the new nations had to confront the personal and institutional power of the former commanders.
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New Nations Confront Old and New Problems
Enlightenment ideals Role of Catholic church? Equality Slavery Indians, mestizos Franchise Political Fragmentation Andrés Santa Cruz
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Map Independent States of Latin America in 1830 Despite its size, traditions, language, and religion provided certain unities. At independence a number of large states were formed out of coalitions, but these eventually divided because of regional differences and rivalries. Map Independent States of Latin America in 1830 Despite its size, traditions, language, and religion provided certain unities. At independence a number of large states were formed out of coalitions, but these eventually divided because of regional differences and rivalries.
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New Nations Confront Old and New Problems
Caudillos, Politics, and the Church Caudillos Local rulers Sometimes ally with Indians, peasants Centralists Strong governments Federalists Regional authorities
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New Nations Confront Old and New Problems
Caudillos, Politics, and the Church Liberals Individual rights Federalist Conservatives Centralized state Role of church crucial Civil role
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New Nations Confront Old and New Problems
Caudillos, Politics, and the Church Some stability Chile Reforms, 1833 Juan Manuel de Rosas General Antonio López de Santa Anna Brazilian monarchy
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Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870
Monroe Doctrine of 1823 Britain, U.S. support independence In exchange for economic power Dependency on foreign consumers
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Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870
Mid-Century Stagnation 1820–1850 Exploitation of guano After 1850 European market creates demand Church, conservatives slow change Landowners, peasants ally in opposition
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Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870
Economic Resurgence and Liberal Politics Liberals in power, late 1800s Auguste Comte, positivism
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Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870
Mexico: Instability and Foreign Intervention 1824, Mexican Constitution Federalist Conservative centralists v. liberal federalists Reforms attempted, 1830s Opposed by Antonio López de Santa Anna, caudillo
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Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870
Mexico: Instability and Foreign Intervention Manifest destiny Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Mexican-American War
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Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870
Mexico: Instability and Foreign Intervention Benito Juárez Zapotec Indian Liberal revolt, 1854 La Reforma New constitution, 1857 Privileges of army and church diminished Lands sold to individuals
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Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870
Mexico: Instability and Foreign Intervention French in to assist conservatives Maximilian von Habsburg 1867, French withdraw Maximilian executed Juárez in office to 1872
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Figure Benito Juárez, a Zapotec Indian from southern Mexico, rose to the presidency and began a series of sweeping reforms. His uncompromising resistance to foreign intervention and monarchy made him a symbol of Mexican sovereignty and independence. Figure Benito Juárez, a Zapotec Indian from southern Mexico, rose to the presidency and began a series of sweeping reforms. His uncompromising resistance to foreign intervention and monarchy made him a symbol of Mexican sovereignty and independence.
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Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870
Argentina: The Port and the Nation United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, 1816 Liberals v. federalists Juan Manuel de Rosas, 1831 Federalist Overthrown, 1852 Reunification, 1862–1890 Argentine Republic Domingo F. Sarmiento
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Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870
The Brazilian Empire Pedro I 1824, liberal constitution Abdicates, 1831 Pedro II Regency, 1831–1840
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Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870
The Brazilian Empire Economic prosperity Coffee export (fazendas) Slavery intensified Infrastructure improved Abolition Achieved, 1888
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Figure Dom Pedro II, an enlightened man of middle-class habits who was anxious to reign over a tranquil and progressive nation despite the role that slavery continued to play in its social and economic life. Figure Dom Pedro II, an enlightened man of middle-class habits who was anxious to reign over a tranquil and progressive nation despite the role that slavery continued to play in its social and economic life.
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Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870
The Brazilian Empire Republican Party Formed, 1871 Coup, 1889 Republic founded
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Societies in Search of Themselves
Cultural Expression After Independence Elite follow Europe 1930s, Romanticism 1870s Realism Positivism Mass culture unchanged
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Societies in Search of Themselves
Old Patterns of Gender, Class, and Race Little change for women Secular public education The Great Boom, European demand Exports Foreign investors Germany, U.S., Britain
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Explaining Underdevelopment
Debate over Latin America Marxism provides lens Feudal to capitalist? Already capitalist to socialist revolution? Modernization theory Disregarded cultural differences Dependency theory Not stages; cohesive process Overemphasis on circulation of goods
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Societies in Search of Themselves
Mexico and Argentina: Examples of Economic Transformation Porfirio Díaz 1876, president Foreign capital used for infrastructure Científicos Revolt suppressed 1910–1920, Civil War Electoral reform
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Societies in Search of Themselves
Mexico and Argentina: Examples of Economic Transformation Argentina Meat exports Immigration Distinct culture 1890s Socialist party forms Strikes from 1910
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Societies in Search of Themselves
Mexico and Argentina: Examples of Economic Transformation Argentina Radical Party Middle class 1916, in power
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Visualizing the Past Images of the Spanish-American War Among the popular political magazines of the era were Punch and the Judge. The two cover images shown here from the period of the Spanish-American War reflect popular sentiments and attitudes at the time. Visualizing the the Past Images of the Spanish-American War Among the popular political magazines of the era were Punch and the Judge. The two cover images shown here from the period of the Spanish-American War reflect popular sentiments and attitudes at the time.
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Visualizing the the Past Images of the Spanish-American War Among the popular political magazines of the era were Punch and the Judge. The two cover images shown here from the period of the Spanish-American War reflect popular sentiments and attitudes at the time. Visualizing the the Past Images of the Spanish-American War Among the popular political magazines of the era were Punch and the Judge. The two cover images shown here from the period of the Spanish-American War reflect popular sentiments and attitudes at the time.
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Societies in Search of Themselves
Uncle Sam Goes South Spanish-American War, 1898 Cuba American investment Puerto Rico annexed Colombia U.S. backs revolution Panama Canal
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Figure The drive for opening of a sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific moved the United States to back the creation of the Panama Canal. Between 1881 and 1914 the canal, a major engineering feat, was constructed. The nation of Panama was created in the process of securing rights to the canal when the United States backed an independence movement that separated Panama from Colombia. The Panama Canal changed the nature of international maritime commerce. This image is of the Gatlin cut, which was the major excavation on the canal. Figure The drive for opening of a sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific moved the United States to back the creation of the Panama Canal. Between 1881 and 1914 the canal, a major engineering feat, was constructed. The nation of Panama was created in the process of securing rights to the canal when the United States backed an independence movement that separated Panama from Colombia. The Panama Canal changed the nature of international maritime commerce. This image is of the Gatlin cut, which was the major excavation on the canal.
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