1. Biomedical Engineering & Biomaterial Introduction
Titik Nuryastuti
MIcrobiology Department, Fac. of Medicine
Universitas Gadjah Mada

2. BIOMEDICAL Engineering
What is Biomedical Engineering ?
integrate biology and medicine with engineering to solve problems related to living systems
Biomedical engineering is the application of techniques drawn from engineering to the analysis and solution of problems in biology and medicine.
Biomedical engineering applies the techniques of all classical engineering disciplines to problems encountered in living systems.
CRICOS: 00116K

3. This includes developing systems to:
Biomedical Engineers bridge the gap between clinical medicine and applied medical technology.
Biomedical Engineers must be capable of defining a medical problem in engineering science terms and of finding a solution that satisfies both engineering and medical requirements
This includes developing systems to:
maintain and enhance life,
designing replacement parts for people,
creating systems to allow the handicapped to function, work and communicate
Etc.

4. Biomedical Engineers have expertise in:
engineering science,
biological science
medical science.
Biomedical engineering is usually based on one of the traditional engineering disciplines, such as electrical or mechanical engineering.
New fields of biomedical engineering include areas such as:
medical electronics,
clinical engineering,
biomaterials,
rehabilitation engineering.

5. biomedical engineering imaging biomechanics bioinfomatics
tissue engineering
prosthetic devices
clinical engineering
health engineering

6. Biomedical Engineering is Diverse
Engineering: Electrical, Chemical, Mechanical, Materials, Industrial, Nuclear, Textile, Computer Science
Physical Sciences: Chemistry, Physics
Life Sciences: Biology, Forestry, Physiology, Botany, Genetics
Clinical: Radiology, Radiation Oncology, Orthopaedics, Cardiology, Dentistry, Neurology, Surgery, Vet Med
Others: Pharmacy, Bioinformatics, Information Technology

7. BME area.. Bioinstrumentation Biomaterials Biomechanics
Biomedical computing & signal processing
Biomolecular engineering
MEMS-Micro-electromechanical systems
Minimally invasive surgery
Tissue engineering, ...

8. Major advances Hip joint replacement Heart pacemaker
Magnetic resonance imaging
Arthroscopy
Heart-lung machine
Angioplasty
Bioengineered skin
Timed-release drug capsules
Artificial articulated joint
Kidney dialysis

9. Bioinstrumentation
The application of electronics and measurement principles to develop devices used in diagnosis and treatment of disease.
EXAMPLES are the electrocardiogram, cardiac pacemaker, blood pressure measurement, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, kidney dialysis, and ventilators.

10. Biomaterials
Describes both living tissue and materials used for implantation.
Choose appropriate material
Nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, chemically inert, stable, and mechanically strong enough to withstand the repeated forces of a lifetime.
Metal alloys, ceramics, polymers, and composites

11. Biomechanics Mechanics applied to biological or medical problems
Study of motion, material deformation, flow within the body and in devices, and transport of chemicals across biological and synthetic media and membranes.
EXAMPLES: artificial heart and replacement heart valves, the artificial kidney, the artificial hip, function of organs

12. Biomedical computing & signal processing
Computers are becoming increasingly important in medical signal processing, from the microprocessor used to do a variety of small tasks in a single-purpose instrument to the extensive computing power needed to process the large amount of information in a medical imaging system.

13. Rehabilitation Engineering
Rehabilitation engineering uses concepts in biomechanics and other areas to develop devices to enhance the capabilities and improve the quality of life for individuals with physical and cogitative impairments.
They are involved in:
Prosthetics,
Development of the home and/or workplace,
Transportation modifications.

14. Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)
Microtechnology and micro scale phenomena is an emerging area of research in biomedical engineering
Many of life's fundamental processes take place on the micro scale
We can engineer systems at the cellular scale to provide new tools for the study of biological processes and miniaturization of many devices, instruments and processes

15. Minimally invasive medicine & surgery
Uses technology to reduce the debilitating nature of some medical treatments.
Minimally invasive surgery using advanced imaging techniques that precisely locate and diagnose problems
Virtual reality systems that immerse clinicians directly into the procedure reduce the invasiveness of surgical interventions.

16. Robarts Research Institute, U. of Western Ontario

17. Rehabilitation engineering
A new and growing specialty area of biomedical engineering
Rehabilitation engineers expand capabilities and improve the quality of life for individuals with physical impairments.
Because the products of their labor are often individualized, the engineer often works directly with the disabled individual

18. Telemedicine Delivering health care at a distance Diagnosis Therapy
Real-time consultation

19. Tissue engineering
The principles of engineering and life sciences are applied toward the generation of biological substitutes aimed at the creation, preservation or restoration of lost organ function. This field is dedicated to the creation of new functional tissue

20. Biomedical Engineering Research Examples...
Elastography for breast cancer diagnosis
Doppler signal processing in carotid plaque detection
Imaging sensor development
Tissue characterization using fluorescence-lifetime imaging

21. Recent Accomplishments
Portable Doppler device
Catheterization simulation
New techniques for breast cancer diagnosis
Multimodality medical image registration
3D ultrasound imaging

22. Why BME important for medical student ?
challenge
interdisciplinary
results are visible and beneficial
many kinds of jobs available

23. Applications of biomedical engineering is almost endless and is developing every day, it includes
cardiac monitors to clinical computing,
artificial hearts to contact lenses,
wheel chairs to artificial tendons,
modeling dialysis therapy to modeling the cardiovascular system.
Biomedical engineers are also integral in the management of technology in hospitals and health care delivery.

24. Career Opportunities
Biomedical engineers are exposed to many fields of study in engineering, medicine and biology. Due to this broad experience biomedical engineers find employment in:
hospitals,
government bodies,
industry or
academic areas.

25. Elfani et al,2013

27. What do Biomedical Engineers do?
Design of medical instrumentation
Design prostheses;
Contribute in the development, manufacture and testing of medical products
Manage of technology in the hospital system.

28. Doctor diagnoses and treat patient diseases.
Treatment:
Doctor diagnoses and treat patient diseases.
Biomedical Scientist analyses the blood from a patient so that the doctor knows how to diagnose and treat.
Biomedical Engineer design the equipment used to analyze the blood.
CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation
Professor Orme Masson, one of the first Professors of Chemistry at the University of Melbourne, was instrumental in setting up the CSIRO (then called the CSIR) and served on its first council, thus associating the University with its establishment. (source: A Short History of the University of Melbourne, pg. 62)
Ranked the best performing Australian research university according to the key indices of research performance; research income, research publications, number of research higher degree enrolments and number of students completing research higher degrees (source: UniNews, V12, No.23)
Highest amount of total research income Australia wide (source: Reporting on the Planning Process, presentation by Ian Marshman, )
Internationally recognised teaching staff:
Nobel Prize Winners: Professor Peter Doherty and Professor Bert Sakmann
Laureate Professor David Boger (Eng) winner of several international awards for environmental research.
Professor Tim McCormak (Law): appointed one of three special international advisers to judges prosecuting former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosovic for war crimes
Professor Graeme Clark (Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences), who developed the world’s first bionic ear
One of the University’s strategic goals (as set out in its operational plan 2004) is to recruit and retain high quality staff. Programs to accomplish this include
Eminent scholars program - recruitment of Nobel Laureates or persons of equivalent standing
Visiting scholars program
Federation fellowships : people are appointed for a given amount of time and are provided with additional funding to develop their research
Top University links:
U21: An international network of leading research-intensive universities to facilitate collaboration and cooperation between the member universities and create entrepreneurial opportunities.
UK : University of London (Imperial, Kings and University Colleges as faculty agreements); University of Edinburgh (U21), University of Nottingham (U21)
USA: Cornell University (faculty), University of California Berkley (general), Duke University (Law), University of Virginia (U21)
Canada: McGill University (general), University of British Columbia (U21), University of Toronto
China: Fudan University (U21), Peking University (U21)
France: Institute of Political Studies (faculty), National Polytechnic Institute of Grenoble (faculty)
Germany: Humboldt University (general)
India: Indian institute of Science (general)
Japan: Keio University (General), Kyoto University (general)
Korea: Seoul national University (general)
The Netherlands: Leiden University (general)
Singapore: National University of Singapore (U21)
Sweden: Uppsala University (general)
Thailand: Chulaongkorn University (general)
CRICOS: 00116K

29. Biomedical Scientist determines blood flow and heart functions
Heart Transplant:
Biomedical Scientist determines blood flow and heart functions
Biomedical Engineer uses this information to design the artificial heart
Doctor carries out surgery and monitors patient health
CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation
Professor Orme Masson, one of the first Professors of Chemistry at the University of Melbourne, was instrumental in setting up the CSIRO (then called the CSIR) and served on its first council, thus associating the University with its establishment. (source: A Short History of the University of Melbourne, pg. 62)
Ranked the best performing Australian research university according to the key indices of research performance; research income, research publications, number of research higher degree enrolments and number of students completing research higher degrees (source: UniNews, V12, No.23)
Highest amount of total research income Australia wide (source: Reporting on the Planning Process, presentation by Ian Marshman, )
Internationally recognised teaching staff:
Nobel Prize Winners: Professor Peter Doherty and Professor Bert Sakmann
Laureate Professor David Boger (Eng) winner of several international awards for environmental research.
Professor Tim McCormak (Law): appointed one of three special international advisers to judges prosecuting former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosovic for war crimes
Professor Graeme Clark (Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences), who developed the world’s first bionic ear
One of the University’s strategic goals (as set out in its operational plan 2004) is to recruit and retain high quality staff. Programs to accomplish this include
Eminent scholars program - recruitment of Nobel Laureates or persons of equivalent standing
Visiting scholars program
Federation fellowships : people are appointed for a given amount of time and are provided with additional funding to develop their research
Top University links:
U21: An international network of leading research-intensive universities to facilitate collaboration and cooperation between the member universities and create entrepreneurial opportunities.
UK : University of London (Imperial, Kings and University Colleges as faculty agreements); University of Edinburgh (U21), University of Nottingham (U21)
USA: Cornell University (faculty), University of California Berkley (general), Duke University (Law), University of Virginia (U21)
Canada: McGill University (general), University of British Columbia (U21), University of Toronto
China: Fudan University (U21), Peking University (U21)
France: Institute of Political Studies (faculty), National Polytechnic Institute of Grenoble (faculty)
Germany: Humboldt University (general)
India: Indian institute of Science (general)
Japan: Keio University (General), Kyoto University (general)
Korea: Seoul national University (general)
The Netherlands: Leiden University (general)
Singapore: National University of Singapore (U21)
Sweden: Uppsala University (general)
Thailand: Chulaongkorn University (general)
CRICOS: 00116K

30. Replacing Damaged Skin
Biomedical Scientist establishes how the artificial skin will be tolerated by the body.
Biomolecular Engineer designs, operates and maintains the process to grow the synthetic skin (tissue engineering).
Doctor operates to graft the artificial skin to the body.
CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation
Professor Orme Masson, one of the first Professors of Chemistry at the University of Melbourne, was instrumental in setting up the CSIRO (then called the CSIR) and served on its first council, thus associating the University with its establishment. (source: A Short History of the University of Melbourne, pg. 62)
Ranked the best performing Australian research university according to the key indices of research performance; research income, research publications, number of research higher degree enrolments and number of students completing research higher degrees (source: UniNews, V12, No.23)
Highest amount of total research income Australia wide (source: Reporting on the Planning Process, presentation by Ian Marshman, )
Internationally recognised teaching staff:
Nobel Prize Winners: Professor Peter Doherty and Professor Bert Sakmann
Laureate Professor David Boger (Eng) winner of several international awards for environmental research.
Professor Tim McCormak (Law): appointed one of three special international advisers to judges prosecuting former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosovic for war crimes
Professor Graeme Clark (Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences), who developed the world’s first bionic ear
One of the University’s strategic goals (as set out in its operational plan 2004) is to recruit and retain high quality staff. Programs to accomplish this include
Eminent scholars program - recruitment of Nobel Laureates or persons of equivalent standing
Visiting scholars program
Federation fellowships : people are appointed for a given amount of time and are provided with additional funding to develop their research
Top University links:
U21: An international network of leading research-intensive universities to facilitate collaboration and cooperation between the member universities and create entrepreneurial opportunities.
UK : University of London (Imperial, Kings and University Colleges as faculty agreements); University of Edinburgh (U21), University of Nottingham (U21)
USA: Cornell University (faculty), University of California Berkley (general), Duke University (Law), University of Virginia (U21)
Canada: McGill University (general), University of British Columbia (U21), University of Toronto
China: Fudan University (U21), Peking University (U21)
France: Institute of Political Studies (faculty), National Polytechnic Institute of Grenoble (faculty)
Germany: Humboldt University (general)
India: Indian institute of Science (general)
Japan: Keio University (General), Kyoto University (general)
Korea: Seoul national University (general)
The Netherlands: Leiden University (general)
Singapore: National University of Singapore (U21)
Sweden: Uppsala University (general)
Thailand: Chulaongkorn University (general)
CRICOS: 00116K

31. Repairing a Damaged Hip
Biomedical Scientist establishes how the hip joint functions in the body
Biomedical Engineer designs the prosthesis (artificial hip)
Doctor operates on the patient and monitors the recovery
CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation
Professor Orme Masson, one of the first Professors of Chemistry at the University of Melbourne, was instrumental in setting up the CSIRO (then called the CSIR) and served on its first council, thus associating the University with its establishment. (source: A Short History of the University of Melbourne, pg. 62)
Ranked the best performing Australian research university according to the key indices of research performance; research income, research publications, number of research higher degree enrolments and number of students completing research higher degrees (source: UniNews, V12, No.23)
Highest amount of total research income Australia wide (source: Reporting on the Planning Process, presentation by Ian Marshman, )
Internationally recognised teaching staff:
Nobel Prize Winners: Professor Peter Doherty and Professor Bert Sakmann
Laureate Professor David Boger (Eng) winner of several international awards for environmental research.
Professor Tim McCormak (Law): appointed one of three special international advisers to judges prosecuting former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosovic for war crimes
Professor Graeme Clark (Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences), who developed the world’s first bionic ear
One of the University’s strategic goals (as set out in its operational plan 2004) is to recruit and retain high quality staff. Programs to accomplish this include
Eminent scholars program - recruitment of Nobel Laureates or persons of equivalent standing
Visiting scholars program
Federation fellowships : people are appointed for a given amount of time and are provided with additional funding to develop their research
Top University links:
U21: An international network of leading research-intensive universities to facilitate collaboration and cooperation between the member universities and create entrepreneurial opportunities.
UK : University of London (Imperial, Kings and University Colleges as faculty agreements); University of Edinburgh (U21), University of Nottingham (U21)
USA: Cornell University (faculty), University of California Berkley (general), Duke University (Law), University of Virginia (U21)
Canada: McGill University (general), University of British Columbia (U21), University of Toronto
China: Fudan University (U21), Peking University (U21)
France: Institute of Political Studies (faculty), National Polytechnic Institute of Grenoble (faculty)
Germany: Humboldt University (general)
India: Indian institute of Science (general)
Japan: Keio University (General), Kyoto University (general)
Korea: Seoul national University (general)
The Netherlands: Leiden University (general)
Singapore: National University of Singapore (U21)
Sweden: Uppsala University (general)
Thailand: Chulaongkorn University (general)
CRICOS: 00116K

32. Repairing Damaged Bones
Biomedical Scientist establishes how the bones function in the body.
Biomedical Engineer designs the equipment to be used during surgery to ensure correct alignment.
3. Doctor operates on the patient and monitors the recovery.
CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation
Professor Orme Masson, one of the first Professors of Chemistry at the University of Melbourne, was instrumental in setting up the CSIRO (then called the CSIR) and served on its first council, thus associating the University with its establishment. (source: A Short History of the University of Melbourne, pg. 62)
Ranked the best performing Australian research university according to the key indices of research performance; research income, research publications, number of research higher degree enrolments and number of students completing research higher degrees (source: UniNews, V12, No.23)
Highest amount of total research income Australia wide (source: Reporting on the Planning Process, presentation by Ian Marshman, )
Internationally recognised teaching staff:
Nobel Prize Winners: Professor Peter Doherty and Professor Bert Sakmann
Laureate Professor David Boger (Eng) winner of several international awards for environmental research.
Professor Tim McCormak (Law): appointed one of three special international advisers to judges prosecuting former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosovic for war crimes
Professor Graeme Clark (Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences), who developed the world’s first bionic ear
One of the University’s strategic goals (as set out in its operational plan 2004) is to recruit and retain high quality staff. Programs to accomplish this include
Eminent scholars program - recruitment of Nobel Laureates or persons of equivalent standing
Visiting scholars program
Federation fellowships : people are appointed for a given amount of time and are provided with additional funding to develop their research
Top University links:
U21: An international network of leading research-intensive universities to facilitate collaboration and cooperation between the member universities and create entrepreneurial opportunities.
UK : University of London (Imperial, Kings and University Colleges as faculty agreements); University of Edinburgh (U21), University of Nottingham (U21)
USA: Cornell University (faculty), University of California Berkley (general), Duke University (Law), University of Virginia (U21)
Canada: McGill University (general), University of British Columbia (U21), University of Toronto
China: Fudan University (U21), Peking University (U21)
France: Institute of Political Studies (faculty), National Polytechnic Institute of Grenoble (faculty)
Germany: Humboldt University (general)
India: Indian institute of Science (general)
Japan: Keio University (General), Kyoto University (general)
Korea: Seoul national University (general)
The Netherlands: Leiden University (general)
Singapore: National University of Singapore (U21)
Sweden: Uppsala University (general)
Thailand: Chulaongkorn University (general)
CRICOS: 00116K

33. Thank you

34. GWU

35. GWU

36. Main Fields of Biomedical Engineering
                        

37. Medical Instrumentation:
Medical instrumentation is the application of electronics and measurement techniques to develop devices used in diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Computers are an important and increasingly essential part of medical instrumentation, from the microprocessor in a single-purpose instrument to the microcomputer needed to process the large amount of information in a medical imaging system.
Examples of medical instrumentation include: heart monitors, microelectrodes, defibrillators and glucose monitoring machines

38. Biomaterials
Biomaterials is the use of materials, both living tissue and artificial materials, for implantation. Understanding the properties of the living materials is vital in the design of implant materials. The selection of an appropriate material to place in the human body may be one of the most difficult tasks faced by the biomedical engineer. Certain metal alloys, ceramics, polymers and composites have been used as implant materials.

39. Biomaterials (cont) Biomaterials must be
nontoxic,
non-carcinogenic,
chemically inert (not reacting violently with the body's chemical composition),
Stable
mechanically strong enough to withstand the repeated forces of a lifetime of use.
Newer biomaterials even incorporate living cells in order to provide a true biological and mechanical match for the living tissue.

40. Biomaterials (cont) Examples of biomaterials include Dental adhesives,
Bone cement,
Replacement bones/joints,
Heart prosthetics,
Heart replacement valves
Artificial lungs
Artificial kidneys.

41. System Physiology and Modeling
The use of scientific and engineering principles to predict the behavior of a system of interests.
Systems of interest may include the human body, particular organs or organ systems and medical devices.

42. System Physiology and Modeling (cont)
Modeling is used in the analysis of experimental data and in formulating mathematical descriptions of physiological events.
In research, modeling is used as a predictive tool in designing new experiments to refine our knowledge.
Examples are the biochemistry of metabolism and the control of limb movements

43. Signal processing
Collection and analysis of data from patients or experiments in an effort to understand and identify individual components of the data set or signal.
The manipulation and dissection of the data or signal provides the physician and experimenter with vital information on the condition of the patient or the status of the experiment.
Biomedical Engineers apply signal-processing methods to the design of medical devices that monitor and diagnose certain conditions in the human body.
Examples include heart arrhythmia detection software and brain activity

44. Medical Imaging
Medical Imaging combines knowledge of a unique physical phenomenon (sound, radiation, magnetism etc.) with high-speed electronic data processing, analysis and display to generate an image.
Often, these images can be obtained with minimal or completely non-invasive procedures, making them less painful and more readily repeatable than invasive techniques.
Examples include Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), ultrasound and computed tomography (CT).

45. Biomechanics
Biomechanics applies both fluid mechanics and transport phenomena to biological and medical issues. It includes the study of motion, material deformation, flow within the body, as well as devices, and transport phenomena in the body, such as transport of chemical constituents across biological and synthetic media and membranes.
Efforts in biomechanics have developed the artificial heart, replacement heart valves and the hip replacement.

46. Biomechanics (cont)

47. MIT