1. Criminal Justice in the New Millennium
Chapter 16
Criminal Justice in the New Millennium

2. Globalization and Justice
The process of creating a global economy through transnational markets and political and legal systems
Two element of globalization have the potential to encourage criminality:
Technological advances
Free markets and fair trade
Learning Objective One

3. Thinking Point Globalization and Justice
How has the focus on globalization shaped our understanding of criminal justice and the types of crimes the criminal justice system addresses?
How might this shift even more in the future?

4. Corporate Enterprise Crime
“White collar crime”
Late 1930s became the term to describe the criminal activities of the rich and powerful
Corporate enterprise crime
Involves illegal activities of people and organizations whose acknowledged purpose is to profit through illegitimate business enterprise
Learning Objective Three

5. Global Enterprise Crime
The creation of the global capital markets has created unprecedented opportunities for business to access capital and for investors to diversify their portfolios
Types of Wall Street Fraud schemes:
Market manipulation
High yield investment fraud
Advance fee fraud
Hedge fund fraud
Commodities fraud
Foreign exchange fraud
Broker embezzlement
Late-day trading

6. Corporate Enterprise Crime
The Subprime Mortgage Scandal
Failure of banks
Government bailout
Loans to borrowers who normally would not qualify for bank loans
Securitization
Help first time borrowers, also source of fraud
Learning Objectives Two & Four - Daniel Peart stands next to a “for sale”sign in front of his home in Poway, California. Divorce led Peart to refinance his home with a subprime loan. Like many borrowers with spotty credit, he agreed to a relatively high interest rate in exchange for two years of low fixed payments. In less than a year, however, the payments jumped beyond his budget and he had to put the house up for sale.

7. Corporate Enterprise Crime
The Subprime Mortgage Scandal
Foreclosure rescue scams
Phantom help
Bailout
Bait and switch
Builder-bailout schemes
Learning Objectives Two & Four

8. Corporate Enterprise Crime
Management fraud
Typically involves falsifying financial information for their own financial benefit
Learning Objectives Two & Four

9. Corporate Enterprise Crime
Strategies to Control Corporate Crime
Civil Law Strategies
Economic sanctions
Civil penalties
Criminal Law Strategies
Deterrence
Learning Objective Two

10. Corporate Enterprise Crime
The detention and enforcement of corporate crime
Primarily in the hands of administrative departments and agencies
The decision to pursue criminal rather than civil violations usually is based on:
The seriousness of the case
The perpetrator’s intent, actions to conceal the violation, and prior record
Learning Objective Two

11. Cyber Crime
The theft and/or destruction of information, resources, or funds via computers, computer networks, or the Internet
Learning Objectives Five & Six - J-Michael Roberts (left), a digital forensic examiner, and his colleague, Ashim Kapur, set up a computer system to collect evidence of a botnet operation in Scranton, Pennsylvania, March 23, Botnets are groups of computers that help harvest bank account passwords and other personal information from computers.

12. Cyber Crime
Cyber theft involves the use of computer networks for criminal profits
Some of the most common methods of cyber theft are:
Computer fraud
Copyright infringement
Internet securities fraud
Identity theft
E-tailing fraud
Learning Objective Six - A California Department of Justice officer examines counterfeit jewelry that was confiscated during an investigation before the jewelry was sold on eBay. California Attorney General Kamala Harris has announced the creation of an eCrime Unit to investigate and prosecute identity theft, child exploitation, and other cyber crimes.

13. Cyber Crime Pornography and Prostitution
The internet is an ideal venue for selling and distributing adult material
The First Amendment
Makes legal control of pornography quite difficult
Learning Objective Six - Lt. Mike Baute from Florida’s Child Predator CyberCrime Unit talks with a man via instant messaging in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The person on the other end of the chat told Lt. Baute, who is saying he is a 14-year-old girl, that he is a 31-year-old male and sent Baute a child photograph of himself. The CyberCrime Unit works to reduce child pornography through aggressive enforcement.

14. Cyber Crime Cyber vandalism
Involves malicious attacks aimed at disrupting, defacing, and destroying technology
Includes:
Viruses and worms
Trojan horses
Denial-of-service attack
Web defacement
Cyber stalking

15. Cyber Crime Cyber Bullying
The willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text
Includes:
Harassing s or instant messages
Obscene, insulting, and slanderous messages to online bulletin boards
Websites promoting and disseminating defamatory content
Harassing text messages
Learning Objective Six

16. Cyber Crime Cyber Warfare
Politically motivated attacks designed to compromise the electronic infrastructure of an enemy nation and disrupt its economy
One type is cyber espionage
Learning Objective Six

17. Cyber Crime The Extent and Costs of Cyber Crime
Thousand of breaches each year
The internet has become a major source of illegal profits
Billions of dollars
Most is not reported to authorities
Learning Objective Seven

18. Cyber Crime Controlling Cyber Crime
New legislative initiatives include:
Software piracy
Copyright infringement
Identity theft
Internet pornography
Computer crimes
Learning Objective Seven

19. Cyber Crime Enforcing Cyber Laws
Federal level is where most efforts occur
Other specialized enforcement agencies
Internet Fraud Complaint Center
the National White Collar Crime Center
Learning Objective Seven

20. Transnational Organized Crime
Use of illegal tactics to gain profit in the global marketplace
Typically involves the cross-border sale and distribution of illegal commodities
Transnational Crime Groups
Money laundering
Human smuggling
Cyber crime
Trafficking of humans, drugs, weapons, endangered species, body parts, or nuclear material
Learning Objective Eight

21. Transnational Organized Crime
Transnational Crime Groups
Yakuza
Fuk Ching
Triads
Heijin
Jao Pho
Red Wa
Russian Mob
Mexican Drug cartels
Learning Objective Eight - Young women trying to attract customers to a go-go bar in Pattaya, Thailand. Pattaya is renowned and stigmatized as a tourist destination where the lure of cheap sex is its only “virtue.” Pattaya is often referred to as a modern Sodom, where every resident is condemned as sinful or corrupt. The town attracts men of all ages from European and Asian countries, including China, Taiwan, Korea, and Russia. Sex tourism is one of the world’s pressing problems.

22. Mexican Cartel Areas of Influence
Figure 16.1 Mexican Cartel Areas of Influence

23. Transnational Organized Crime
Controlling Transnational Crime
Eurasian Organized Crime Working Group
Central European Working Group
Southeast European Cooperative Initiative
Racketeer Influence and Corrupt Organization Act (RICO)
Federal legislation that enables prosecutors to bring additional criminal or civil charges against people engaged in 2 or more acts prohibited by 24 existing federal and 8 state laws
Learning Objective Ten

24. Terrorism Premeditated, politically motivated violence
Perpetrated by subnational groups or clandestine agents against noncombatant targets, usually intended to influence an audience
Act must be aimed at a goal that sets it apart from a common law crime committed for greed or egotism

25. Thinking Point
Find 2-3 newspaper articles that address a terrorist event that has occurred within the past 1 year.
How does the event you chose fit into the context of terrorism discussed in the chapter?
What view would you use to explain the terrorist attack you chose?

26. Terrorism Types of terror groups: Revolutionary terrorism
Political terrorism
Eco-terrorism
Nationalist terrorism
Retributive terrorism
State-sponsored terrorism
cult terrorism
Criminal terrorism
The United Nations office following a suicide car bomb attack in Abuja, Nigeria, August 27, Nigeria has released several radical Muslim prisoners over the past few years to placate Muslim groups, and the suspects who were accused of various terrorism offenses are now thought to be working to organize terror attacks, like this bomb attack on the UN office.

27. Thinking Point
Choose a terror attack that has occurred against the United States. Read 2-3 articles about the event.
What type of terror group was involved?
What explanatory view would you use for this event?

28. Terrorism
There is no single personality trait or behavior pattern that distinguishes the majority of terrorists
Views on why terrorists engage in criminal activities:
Psychological view
Socialization view
Ideological view
Alienation view

29. Terrorism
Numerous laws have been passed in an effort to catch terrorists and prevent acts of terrorism
Federal courts are typically the venue of choice
Patriot Act

30. Terrorism
Terrorism convictions usually fall into one of two categories:
Category I
Violations of federal statutes directly related to international terrorism and that are utilized regularly in international terrorism matters
Category II
Cases include defendants charged with violating a variety of other statutes where the investigation involved an identified link to international terrorism

31. Terrorism
The government has sometimes taken drastic measures to curtail the rights of its enemies
In the wake of 9/11, the Supreme Court handed down decisions in several important cases

32. The Future of Criminal Justice
A number of changes in the future include:
Demographic shifts
Technological advances
Increased diversity
Focus on what works
Doing more with less
Globalization
Green crime
Illegal immigration

33. Projected Populations of the United States
Figure 16.2 Projected Population of the United States, by Age and Sex

34. Projected Populations of the United States
Figure 16.3 Projected Population of the United States, by Race and Hispanic Origin