1. Introduction to Ancient Egypt

2. Today’s Objectives
Be able to analyze material and convey what has been learned to classmates and teacher.
Think critically and be polite to others.
Take complete notes for use when making the postcard.
Have fun and be actively engaged.

3. Enduring Understandings
Environmental elements influence where civilizations develop and thrive to include movement of goods, ideas, culture and technology.
Religion has had a significant impact on civilizations throughout history.
River valleys provided early civilizations with the opportunity to develop and prosper.

4. Geography of Ancient Egypt
Like Mesopotamia, Egypt was dependent upon the river for survival.
Unlike the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians were better able to predict flooding would occur.

5. The Pharaohs The pharaoh was thought of as a god.
People were supposed to obey him without question.
This allowed for a strong government system that lasted for about 3,000 years.

6. Monuments
Think of public works projects on a massive scale. Today’s equivalent would be the freeways.
These buildings were constructed using the most basic of tools and designs.

7. The Nile Was central to life in ancient Egypt Giver and taker of life
Central to religion
Central to trade

8. Mummies, Tombs, and the Afterlife
Egyptians believed in an afterlife and therefore needed a house in the afterlife, hence the tomb.
Also they believed that in order for the soul to survive that the body also needed to exist, hence the mummy.

9. Daily Life Egyptians went fishing and hunting, and also played games.
They also farmed like the Mesopotamians.

10. Inventions and Innovations
Of course, irrigation was important but they also came up with a few other innovations and inventions.
Some items to consider:
Paper making—papyrus
Medicine and surgical procedures
Glass making

11. Egypt Nile River Boat Trip

12. Cairo Museum

13. Cairo Museum Was built at the beginning of the 20th Century
Has beautiful gardens filled with statues
Statues are outside because there’s no more room inside

14. Giza – Pharaoh Khufu (Old Kingdom)

15. Pharaoh Khufu Ruled from 2551-2528 BCE Ruled a unified Egypt
Relatives helped him govern
Was a harsh, cruel ruler
Few records exist about him
Only one small statue exists

16. Giza Pyramids Located SW of Cairo on a plateau
3 large pyramids are made of yellow limestone
Largest is the Great Pyramid of Khufu
Is over 450 ft. tall & was the tallest man-made structure until the 19th Century
Great Pyramid covers 13 acres of ground
Has more than 2,300,000 blocks of stone

17. Saqqara-Pharaoh Djoser (Old Kingdom)

18. Pharaoh Djoser Ruled from 2630-2611 BCE
Helped with new developments in agriculture, increased trade, & developed more cities
Fought foreign invaders
Expanded Egypt farther south to Aswan

19. Saqqara Made of limestone & is over 200 ft. tall
Located on west bank of Nile, south of Giza
Was Egypt’s first pyramid
Was likely the world’s first stone building
Started as a flat mastaba, but has five increasingly smaller ones added on top

20. El-Amarna-Pharaoh Akhenaten (New Kingdom)

21. Pharaoh Akhenaten Ruled from 1353-1335 BCE
Forced people to worship one god, Amon
Built a new capital city
Rule was very unpopular
This city was destroyed after his death.
His corpse has never been found, so it may have been destroyed too.

22. el-Amarna Located 150 mi. south & on east bank of Nile River
Once had many unique & beautiful temples, pools, & gardens
Surrounded by cliffs on both sides of Nile
Had a Great Palace with an open-air temple to the one god
Was destroyed after Akhenaten died to erase all evidence of this pharaoh

23. Karnak-Pharaoh Senusret I (Middle Kingdom)

24. Pharaoh Senusret I Ruled from 1971-1926 BCE
Ruled with his father for more than 10 years
Extended Egypt’s southern & western borders through war
Protected gold, copper, & granite resources
Encouraged cultural development & construction of many buildings, temples, & shrines

25. Karnak Located 200 mi. farther south along the Nile
Has more than 200 acres of temples, chapels, obelisks, columns, & statues
Was built over the course of 2,000 years
Jubilee Chapel was built by Senusret 1
Was taken apart at one time & then pieced back together

26. Jubilee Chapel

27. Deir el-Bahri –Queen Hatshepsut (New Kingdom)

28. Pharaoh Hatshepsut Ruled from 1473-1458 BCE
One of the few female rulers
Became pharaoh by ruling with her brother & then his son, but declared herself sole ruler
Organized trading expeditions to Punt & improved economy
Many monuments were destroyed after death by the nephew

29. Deir el-Bahri Located on west bank of Nile, just upstream from Karnak
Cut out of limestone cliffs
Contains many pillars, chapels, & shrines to gods
Contains temple of Hatshepsut, one of few female pharaohs
Has a walled courtyard with a ramp leading to three raised terraces

30. Abu Simbel-Pharaoh Ramesses II (New Kingdom)

31. Pharaoh Ramesses II Ruled from 1290-1224 BCE
One of most important pharaohs in Egyptian history
Lived into his eighties
Had more than 100 wives & more than 100 children
Constructed huge building projects, palaces, a new capital, and repaired well, quarries, & mines
Was skilled in warfare & was in many battles

32. Abu Simbel Located 300 mi. farther south Cut from sandstone cliffs
Has four 65 ft. tall statues of Ramesses II (taller than a 6-story building) seated among smaller ones
Inside is a hall more than 58 x 54 ft. containing pillars, hallways, & sculptures
Had to be moved 213 ft. above original site in the 1960’s to protect it from rising water from a reservoir

33. Valley of the Kings

34. Valley of the Kings
This is where many pharaohs were buried in hidden tombs after pyramids became too expensive to build.
King Tut’s tomb was found here.
There was a town nearby for the many laborers and artists to live.