1. Land Markets in FARC affected municipalities: Challenges in a Post-conflict scenario in Colombia
Ivonne Moreno Horta
Camilo Pardo
April 23rd 2017

2. CONTENT
Context
Data analysis
Findings
Challenges ahead

3. 1. CONTEXT
For more than 50 years Colombia has been affected by an internal armed conflict, which negatively influenced the development of land markets.
In December 2016 the Colombian Congress ratified a historic peace agreement between the Colombian State and the FARC guerrilla.
The peace agenda calls for and improved land access, a massive effort to systematic cadastre, titling and registration, together with a well functioning land market.

4. 1. CONTEXT
The challenges to implement what was agreed in terms of land administration, embraces the identification and recording of the reality of land rights at the field, while helping the development of well-functioning land market.
Otherwise the risk is to have high taxes and low property rights

5. Municipalities affected by FARC presence
Border with Venezuela
Bloque Caribe
Bloque Magd. Medio
Bloque Oriental
Bloque Iván Ríos
Bloque Occidental
Bloque Central
Bloque Sur
Guerrillas Fronts
Guajira – Cesar
Catatumbo
Arauca – Casanare
North of Antioquia
Serranía de San Lucas
Nudo de Paramillo
Urabá – Pacífico
South
Costa Pacífica
Cordillera Central
Sur-Oriente
Source of data: MOE/2016

6. Municipalities affected by FARC presence
Large areas and small population dispersed throughout the territory
Little presence of institutions, public infrastructure and services
Low socioeconomic indicators (poverty, education, employment)
Presence of Illegal Crops and Illegal Mining
In many of them there is also BACRIM- a drug trafficking illegal group that emerged following the demobilization of paramilitaries group, in 2006.
Municipalities affected by FARC presence

7. Socioeconomic Characteristics
Source of data: MOE and DNP/2016

8. 2. DATA ANALYSIS

9. LAND TENURE DATA Formal Market
Land rights holders over the time: proprietors, possessors, tenants, collective property and mortgage
2,633,532
Number of analyzed land transactions (formal)
31,298
Years of analysis
Source:
Official Registry Land Records
Superintendence of Notaries and Registry /2016

10. 1 es mejor desempeño del Estado]
LAND TENURE ANALYSIS
Periods of analysis
Initial land registry records
First wave of Agrarian reform
Second wave of Agrarian reform
Intense armed conflict
Presencia estatal
[De 0 a 1 donde
1 es mejor desempeño del Estado]

13. 3. FINDINGS
In the period of peak violence ( ) the formal property transactions declined, adversely affecting the land market :
The number of the total land transactions decreases by 24%
Collective titling to ethnic communities decreases by 28%
The registration of possessors decreases by 10%
Mortgages decreases by 12%
Although…
The titles obtained through agrarian reform measures increases by 18%

14. 3. FINDINGS
Only 39% of transactions include women as a land tenure right holder.
Land restitution claims correspond to 38% of the cases of Colombia (FARC victimizer)

15. 4. CHALLENGES AHEAD TO CONFORM A FORMAL MARKET IN POST CONFLICT AREAS
The systematic cadastre, land tilting and registration faces:
Low institutional presence and low trust and confidence in the state
A highly changing security situation
Presence of land mines
Highly strategic areas with increasing pressures over the use of natural resources, including pressures for large land acquisition.
Potential new conflicts over land due to the presence of new local and regional stakeholders.

16. 4. CHALLENGES AHEAD TO CONFORM A FORMAL MARKET IN POST CONFLICT AREAS
Addressing such context towards systematic cadastre and adjudication, demands:
High and qualified community participation and social control to determine who owns what, where. Particularly in cases of overlapping rights.
Such participation should include women and ethnic approach in indigenous and afro-Colombian communities. Preventing potential new conflicts.
The implementation of effective alternative dispute resolution.

17. 4. CHALLENGES AHEAD TO CONFORM A FORMAL MARKET IN POST CONFLICT AREAS
Maintaining the formal land market for the local peasants (campesinos)
Ensuring physical access and presence in these municipalities of notaries, cadastre and registry offices.
Affordable fees and taxes
Less transactional taxes and costs
Balance between property rights and taxes

18. Thank you.. Questions / comments welcome