1. COLOMBIAN GOVERNMENT MILITARY FORCES LIBERAL PARTY CONSERVATIVE PARTY USA support USA support DRUG CARTELS SEVERAL INTERNAL GROUPS PARAMILITARY GROUPS FARC ELN AUC GUERILLA GROUPS DRUG CARTELS MEDELLIN CALI PARAMILITARY ARMIES Tense diplomatic relations War against drugs Violent attacks Profiteers from drug trafficking Mutual influence ECUADOR VENEZUELA Colombia’s Conflict Key Players Mapping Victims ForeignersPoliticiansCivilians FARC : Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia ELN: National Liberation Army UAC: United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia

2. Land Inequality Social Agrarian Reform Law FARC platform Weak State Failed to provide human security, basic services Failed rule of law Human rights issues Violence Forced land displacement Kidnappings Military HR abuses Social Inequality Poverty Rural 63% vs Urban 39% 3.9 mil IDPs Structural Guerillas & Drug Cartel Violence Forced Land Displacement Kidnappings Civil wars Social Inequality Poverty: Rural areas 63%, vs Urban areas 39% 3.9 mil IDPs Democratic Security Reform Local Town Hall Meetings Developing trust Community partnership Weak Social Structure Poverty/Inequality Power struggle between political parties Intergroup Relations Shared security factors Governance/Social Capital Social Divide Structural and Attitudinal Factors

3. Transactional Factors During Peace Talks 1998 – 2000 Pastrana Ceased fire Demilitarized zones prior to peace talks Safe Haven given to FARC 2001-2002 Uribe 2004-2010 Uribe Demilitarization of AUC Government and AUC begin peace talks Peace talks with ELN in Cuba 2012-present Santos Government stops peace talks Uribe’s local security working groups Santos initiates secret meetings with FARC leaders Peace talks begin in Cuba FARC declares 2 month cease fire

4. Supporters of Colombia’s Peace Talks OBSERVERS VENEZUELA USA GUARANTORS OF THE PEACE PROCESS CUBA NORWAY Land reform Guarantees of political opposition Drug trafficking Rights of Victims of the conflict End of armed conflict Agenda Key Areas Columbia’s Current Peace Process FARC & Government Negotiators

5. Pastrana’s Peace Initiatives 1998 – President Andres Pastrana Arango begins peace talks with guerrillas. 1998 - Pastrana grants FARC a safe haven the size of Switzerland to help move peace talks along. 1999- President Pastrana demilitarizes vast zone to facilitate peace talks 2000 - Pastrana's "Plan Colombia" wins almost $1 billion in mainly military aid from the US to fight drug-trafficking 2001-FARC accused of using safe haven to rearm, prepare attacks and conduct drug trade. 2002- Peace process breaks down Alvaro Uribe’s Democratic Security 2003 - Fighters from right- wing AUC begin to disarm. 2004 -AUC and government begin peace talks. 2005 - 15-day dispute with Venezuela over the capture of a FARC leader on Venezuelan soil. 2005 - Exploratory peace talks with ELN, begin in Cuba. 2008 March - A Colombian cross-border strike into Ecuador kills senior FARC rebel Raul Reyes and sparks a diplomatic crisis with both Ecuador and Venezuela 2008 July - Colombian army rescues the country's highest-profile hostage, Ingrid Betancourt, held in captivity for six years by FARC President Santos’ Peace Talks 2011 May - Senate approves law to compensate victims of civil conflict and return land to millions of displaced people. 2012 August - President Santos says exploratory talks are under way with the FARC guerrillas, and that the ELN armed group has also indicated a readiness to talk. 2012 October – President Santos apologizes to indigenous leaders in Amazon region for 1912-29 killings. 2012 October Colombia and FARC negotiators launched Norway peace talks 2012 November Peace talks start in Havana, Cuba 2013 October- 15 th round of talks opened in Havana, Cuba. Colombia’s Peace Talks Timeline