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The Nervous System and Mental Health

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1 The Nervous System and Mental Health
6 The Nervous System and Mental Health

2 Multimedia Directory Slide 41 Brain and Brainstem Animation
Slide 57 Alzheimer's Video Slide 69 Epilepsy Video Slide 81 Multiple Sclerosis Animation Slide 86 Parkinson's Disease Video Slide 92 Seizures Video Slide 93 Seizures Animation Slide 94 Febrile Seizures Animation Slide 98 Anorexia Video Slide 100 ADD Video Slide 102 Bipolar Video Slide 103 Bulimia Video

3 Multimedia Directory (cont.)
Slide 106 OCD Video Slide 110 Schizophrenia Video

4 Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the nervous system and mental health Identify the major organs of the nervous system and describe their structure and function

5 Learning Objectives (cont.)
After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the nervous system and mental health Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the nervous system and mental health

6 Learning Objectives (cont.)
After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the nervous system and mental health

7 The Nervous System Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
These organs enable you to sense the world around you form thoughts and memories control your body movements and many internal functions

8 Prefixes a- = without, absence of de- = not di- = double
dys- = bad, abnormal, painful, difficult

9 Prefixes (cont.) hemi- = one-half
hyper- = excessive, abnormally high, above mono- = one

10 Prefixes (cont.) pan- = all, entire
par-, para- = near, alongside, departure from normal poly- = many pre- = before sub- = below, beneath tetra- = four

11 Combining Forms alges/o = pain angi/o = blood vessel arachn/o = spider
arteri/o = artery

12 Combining Forms (cont.)
ather/o = fatty substance cephal/o = head cerebell/o = little brain, cerebellum cerebr/o = brain, cerebrum

13 Combining Forms (cont.)
cran/o, crani/o = cranium dur/o = hard embol/o = a plug encephal/o = brain

14 Combining Forms (cont.)
gangli/o, ganglion/o = knot, swelling gli/o = glue, neuroglia gnos/o = knowledge lumb/o = loin, lower back

15 Combining Forms (cont.)
lys/o = break apart, dissolution mening/i, mening/o = membrane ment/o = mind myel/o = spinal cord, medulla, myelin sheath; bone marrow

16 Combining Forms (cont.)
narc/o = numbness neur/o = sinew or cord, nerve; fascia phas/o, phasi/o = speech plegi/o = paralysis

17 Combining Forms (cont.)
poli/o = gray psych/o = mind quadr/i, quadr/o = four radic/o, radicul/o = nerve root

18 Combining Forms (cont.)
scler/o = thick, hard, sclera somat/o = body spin/o = spine, thorn thalam/o = inner chamber, thalamus thromb/o = clot vascul/o = small blood vessel

19 Suffixes -algia = pain -asthenia = weakness
-cele = hernia, swelling, protrusion -esthesia = sensation, perception -gram = a record

20 Suffixes (cont.) -iatry = treatment, specialty -ic = pertaining to
-ism = condition of -itis = inflammation -lepsy = seizure

21 Suffixes (cont.) -logist = one who studies
-lysis = to loosen, dissolve -malacia = softening -oid = resembling -paresis = paralysis (minor)

22 Suffixes (cont.) -phagia = eating or swallowing
-phasia = speaking (may also be used as a root, phas) -plegia = paralysis (major) -troph = nourishment, development -us = pertaining to

23 Anatomy and Physiology
The nervous system provides a system of communication between the brain and distant parts of the body Goal of nervous system is to interpret changes in the environment inside and outside the body initiate responses in order to maintain homeostasis send electrochemical messages called nerve impulses

24 Divisions of the Nervous System
The nervous system is divided into two main groups Central nervous system (CNS) Includes the brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Includes the nerves and sensory receptors

25 Figure 6.1 Organization of the nervous system

26 Nervous Tissue The nervous system contains specialized tissue that conducts nerve impulses The impulse-conducting cells are called neurons; they receive support from nearby neuroglial cells

27 Nervous Tissue (cont.) Each neuron consists of a cell body and numerous dendrites The cell body contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm Dendrites carry impulses toward the cell body, and a single axon carries impulses away

28 Nervous Tissue (cont.) In many neurons, the axon is covered with numerous neuroglial cells known as Schwann cells Schwann cells provide a white-colored protective sheath, known as the myelin sheath The myelin sheath protects and insulates the axon (some axons are 3 feet long)

29 Central Nervous System
Is the “central station” for incoming and outgoing nerve impulses Includes the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by bones (cranium and vertebral column) thick set of membranes called the meninges

30 Central Nervous System (cont.)
The meninges form a protective cover that is several layers thick Outer tough layer is the dura mater Middle layer is the arachnoid Inner thin layer is the pia mater

31 Figure 6.2 The meninges surround the brain and spinal cord

32 The Brain The brain Receives and interprets sensory information Controls muscle and glandular responses Provides memory, thoughts, dreams, and personality It receives a large blood supply to fuel its constant activity

33 The Brain (cont.) If blood flow is restricted for more than a few minutes, neurons begin to expire Brain weighs about 3 pounds Extending from the brain are 12 pairs of cranial nerves

34 The Brain’s Four Main Parts
Cerebrum Largest part of the brain The center of thought, personality, emotions, memory, and sensory perception Initiates muscle contractions Divided into right and left cerebral hemispheres

35 The Brain’s Four Main Parts (cont.)
Cerebellum Means little brain Coordinates muscle responses and manages equilibrium

36 The Brain’s Four Main Parts (cont.)
Diencephalon Means double brain Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus Thalamus is a relay station, redirecting nerve impulses to and from the cerebrum Hypothalamus is the center for involuntary activities, such as heartbeat, thirst, blood pressure

37 The Brain’s Four Main Parts (cont.)
Brain stem Includes the medulla, pons, and midbrain Medulla transmits nerve impulses between the spinal cord and brain, and regulates breathing Pons provides a connection between the medulla and cerebellum Midbrain is relay center for impulses and eye movements

38 Ventricles of the Brain
Ventricles: Small spaces within brain’s center Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Slightly yellowish fluid that fills each ventricle CSF is continuously produced from the blood supply CSF circulates through the ventricles and around the brain and spinal cord

39 Figure The Brain

40 Figure Brain Anatomy

41 Brain and Brainstem Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the brain and brain stem. The animation may take a moment to begin playing. Back to Directory

42 The Spinal Cord Extends from medulla about 18 inches down the back
It passes through the spinal canal to terminate between L1 and L2 31 pairs of spinal nerves

43 Figure 6.5 The spinal cord and its nerve roots

44 The Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of nerves that course throughout the body, carrying nerve impulses to and from the CNS Includes the ganglia and sensory receptors

45 Figure 6.6 The Peripheral Nervous System

46 The Nerves Nerves are branches from the cranial nerves and spinal nerves Each nerve is composed of a combination of nervous tissue blood vessels supportive connective tissue

47 Ganglia Are clusters of neuron cell bodies that lie outside the brain and spinal cord Appear as a swelling along the path of a spinal nerve route Are centers where nerve impulses are passed from one neuron to another across a synapse

48 Sensory Receptors Are nervous structures that respond to changes in the environment Once a change occurs, a sensory receptor initiates a nerve impulse The nerve impulse then travels along a sensory nerve to the spinal cord or brain

49 Word Roots arachn = spider cerebell = little brain
cerebr = brain, cerebrum

50 Word Roots (cont.) crani = skull, cranium encephal = brain
gangli, ganglion = knot, swelling mening = membrane

51 Word Roots (cont.) myel = spinal cord, medulla, myelin sheath
neur = sinew or cord, nerve spin = spine thalam = inner chamber

52 The Health of the Nervous System
Can experience many types of medical challenges Nervous tissue is delicate and easily damaged Protection is provided by bones, meninges, CSF, and a blood-brain barrier

53 Symptoms and Signs Aphasia Cephalalgia Dysphasia Inability to speak
A headache Dysphasia Difficulty speaking

54 Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to stimulation, such as touch or pain Neuralgia Pain in a nerve

55 Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Neurasthenia A vague condition of body fatigue often associated with depression Paresthesia Abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without an objective cause

56 Diseases and Disorders
Agnosia A loss of the ability to interpret sensory information Alzheimer’s disease Deterioration of brain function Characterized by confusion short-term memory loss restlessness

57 Alzheimer’s Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of Alzheimer’s disease. Back to Directory

58 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Progressive atrophy (loss) of muscle caused by hardening of nervous tissue on the lateral columns of the spinal cord Also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease Cerebellitis Inflammation of the cerebellum

59 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Cerebral aneurysm Blood vessel that supplies the brain becomes dilated due to weakening of its wall Cerebral arteriosclerosis Hardening of the arteries that supply the brain

60 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Cerebral atherosclerosis Buildup of fatty plaque on the inside wall of a vessel that supplies the brain results in reduced blood flow Cerebral embolism Presence of a floating blood clot in a blood vessel that supplies the brain

61 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Cerebral palsy Disorder that affects: muscle tone movement motor skills Usually caused by brain damage at birth or during first few years of life

62 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Cerebral thrombosis A lodged blood clot within blood vessels that supply the brain Cerebrovascular accident Disruption of blood supply to the brain results in functional losses or death Also called stroke Abbreviated CVA

63 Figure 6.7 Cerebrovascular accident.

64 Figure 6.7 (continued) Cerebrovascular accident.

65 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Cerebrovascular disease A general disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels that supply the brain Coma A general term that describes several levels of decreased consciousness

66 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Concussion Injury to the brain caused by a violent movement of the head Includes symptoms of vertigo and loss of consciousness

67 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Dementia Decline or impairment of mental function Characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion; literally means not in the mind Duritis Inflammation of the dura mater Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain, usually caused by bacterial or viral infection

68 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Encephalomalacia Softening of brain tissue, usually caused by deficient blood flow Epilepsy A brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures

69 Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of epilepsy.
Epilepsy Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of epilepsy. Back to Directory

70 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Gangliitis Inflammation of a ganglion Glioma A tumor of neuroglial cells Hemiparesis Partial paralysis on one side of the body Hemiplegia Paralysis on one side of the body

71 Figure Glioma

72 Figure 6.8 (continued) Glioma

73 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Hydrocephalus Increased volume of CSF in the brain ventricles of a child before the cranial sutures have sealed, causing enlargement of the cranium Meningioma Benign tumor of the meninges

74 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Meningitis Inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by bacterial or viral infection Meningocele Protrusion of the meninges through an opening caused by a defect in the skull or spinal column

75 Figure 6.9 Meningocele Photo Researchers, Inc.

76 Figure 6.9 (continued) Meningocele Photo Researchers, Inc.

77 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Meningomyelocele Protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through the spinal column Monoparesis Partial paralysis of one limb

78 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Monoplegia Paralysis of one limb Multiple sclerosis Deterioration of the myelin sheath covering axons within the brain, exhibited by episodes of localized functional losses

79 Figure 6.10 Multiple sclerosis Source: Peter Arnold, Inc.

80 Figure 6.10 (continued) Multiple sclerosis Source: Peter Arnold, Inc.

81 Multiple Sclerosis Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on multiple sclerosis. Back to Directory

82 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Myelitis Inflammation of the spinal cord Narcolepsy A sleep disorder characterized by sudden, uncontrollable attacks of sleep attacks of paralysis dreams intruding on wakefulness Neuritis Inflammation of a nerve

83 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Neuroarthropathy A disease of the nervous system that results in pain within one or more joints Neuroma A general term for any tumor that originates from nervous tissue

84 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Palsy Paralysis of localized areas Most common is Bell’s palsy, in which facial muscles are paralyzed on one side of the head Paraplegia Paralysis from the waist down

85 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Parkinson’s disease Chronic degenerative disease of the brain Characterized by hand tremors rigidity expressionless face shuffling gait Abbreviated PD

86 Parkinson’s Disease Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of Parkinson’s disease. Back to Directory

87 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Poliomyelitis Inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord that often leads to paralysis Also called polio Polyneuritis Inflammation of many nerves at one time Psychopathy Any disease affecting the mind

88 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Psychosis An incapacitating mental disorder Characterized by a gross distortion of emotions an incapacity to recognize reality, relate to others, and cope with ordinary demands of daily life Psychosomatic Pertaining to both the mind and body

89 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Quadriplegia Paralysis of all four limbs Also known as tetraplegia Radiculitis Inflammation of the spinal nerve roots

90 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Radiculopathy A disease of spinal nerve roots Sciatica Inflammation of the sciatic nerve, producing pain that extends from the low back, buttocks and down the back of the leg

91 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Seizure: A sudden, uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain, resulting in convulsions Grand mal: all muscle groups Petit mal: brief losses of consciousness without motor involvement Partial: limited areas of the brain with local symptoms

92 Seizures video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of seizures. The video may take a moment to begin playing. Back to Directory

93 Click on the screenshot to view an animation on seizures.
Seizures animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on seizures. Back to Directory

94 Febrile seizures animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on febrile seizures. Back to Directory

95 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Shingles Viral infection of the peripheral nerves that erupts as painful skin blisters along nerve tracts Also called herpes zoster

96 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Syncope Fainting, usually caused by a sudden loss of blood flow to the brain Transient ischemic attack A brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain that results in a temporary neurologic impairment Often precedes a CVA Abbreviated TIA

97 Common Mental Health Diseases
Anorexia nervosa Eating disorder in which the person has an intense fear of gaining weight in spite of being underweight Anxiety disorder Emotional instability caused by anticipation of real or imagined events

98 Anorexia video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of anorexia nervosa. Back to Directory

99 Common Mental Health Diseases (cont.)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Learning disorder caused by failure to focus attention due to hyperactivity and impulsiveness Abbreviated ADHD Attention deficit disorder (ADD) is a similar condition but does not include hyperactivity

100 ADD video Click on the screenshot to view a video on attention deficit disorder. The video may take a moment to begin playing. Back to Directory

101 Common Mental Health Diseases (cont.)
Bipolar disorder Mental disorder in which the patient experiences episodes of extreme changes in mood and energy, ranging from severe depression to mania Bulimia nervosa Behavioral eating disorder that involves uncontrolled eating, or binging, and self-induced vomiting, or purging

102 The video may take a moment to begin playing.
Biopolar video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of bipolar disorder. The video may take a moment to begin playing. Back to Directory

103 Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of bulimia.
Bulimia video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of bulimia. Back to Directory

104 Common Mental Health Diseases (cont.)
Clinical depression Mental disorder characterized by overwhelming feelings of sadness and despair, often accompanied by reduced energy and avoidance of social contacts

105 Common Mental Health Diseases (cont.)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder Mental disorder that involves an uncontrollable need to perform certain motor-skill tasks, repetitive behaviors, or rituals, such as hand washing Abbreviated OCD

106 OCD video Click on the screenshot to view a video on obsessive compulsive disorder. Back to Directory

107 Common Mental Health Diseases (cont.)
Phobia Emotional disorder characterized by an intense, irrational fear of an object, environment, or experience Example: arachnophobia (fear of spiders)

108 Common Mental Health Diseases (cont.)
Post-traumatic stress disorder Emotional disorder characterized by extreme fear and anxiety that results from a traumatic experience, such as a bomb explosion or automobile accident Abbreviated PTSD

109 Common Mental Health Diseases (cont.)
Schizophrenia A group of psychotic disorders that include the inability to distinguish reality from nonreality disturbance of language social withdrawal fragmentation of cognitive functions

110 Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of schizophrenia. Back to Directory

111 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices
Analgesic An agent that relieves pain Anesthesia A process or treatment that results in an absence of feeling or sensation Cerebral angiography X-ray photograph of the blood vessels in the brain following injection of a contrast medium

112 Figure 6.11 Cerebral angiography

113 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Computed tomography Also called CT scan, a computer interprets a series of images and constructs a 3-D view of the brain Craniectomy Surgical excision of part of the skull to approach the brain

114 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Craniotomy Incision into the skull to approach the brain Echoencephalography Use of ultrasound (sound waves) to record brain structures Electroencephalography A procedure that records the electrical impulses of the brain (or brain waves)

115 Figure 6.12 Electroencephalography

116 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Evoked potential studies Also called EP studies, this group of diagnostic tests measures changes in brain waves to determine brain function, providing a test for sight, hearing, and other senses

117 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Ganglionectomy Surgical excision of a ganglion Also called gangliectomy Lumbar puncture Aspiration of CSF from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord Abbreviated LP

118 Figure 6.13 Lumbar puncture

119 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Magnetic resonance imaging Use of magnets and computer imaging to produce 3-D images that are useful in targeting brain tumors, brain trauma, and MS Abbreviated MRI

120 Figure 6.14 Magnetic resonance imaging Source: Raymond Meier, Inc.

121 Figure 6.15 MRI Source: Photo Researchers, Inc.

122 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Myelogram X-ray photograph of the spinal cord following injection of a contrast dye Neurectomy Surgical excision of a nerve Neurology The study and medical practice of the nervous system Specialist: neurologist

123 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Neurolysis Separating a nerve by removing adhesions Neuroplasty Surgical repair of a nerve Neurorrhaphy Suturing of a nerve Neurotomy Incision into a nerve

124 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Positron emission tomography Brain scan that provides a map of metabolic function within the brain that can be correlated to brain activity; abbreviated PET scan Psychiatry The branch of medicine that addresses mental, emotional and behavioral disorders

125 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Psychology The field of study of human behavior Radicotomy Incision into a nerve root Also called rhizotomy

126 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Reflex testing Diagnostic tests performed to observe the body’s response to various stimuli Includes deep tendon reflexes (DTR) and Babinski reflex

127 Pharmaceuticals Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or analgesics Anesthetics Anticonvulsants Dopaminergics Hypnotics Narcotic analgesics, or opiate drugs Sedatives

128 Abbreviations AD ADD ADHD ALS CNS CP CSF CT (CAT) scan

129 Abbreviations (cont.) CVA CVD DTR EchoEG EEG EP

130 Abbreviations (cont.) HA ICP LP MRI MS OCD PD

131 Abbreviations (cont.) PET PNS PTSD TIA

132 Classroom Response System
Pretest

133 What condition is an inflammation of the meninges?
meningitis meningocele meningioma meningomyelocele

134 What condition is an inflammation of the meninges?
meningitis meningocele meningioma meningomyelocele

135 What condition is an inflammation of a nerve?
myelitis neuropathy neuroma neuritis

136 What condition is an inflammation of a nerve?
myelitis neuropathy neuroma neuritis

137 Which suffix means protrusion?
-itis -cele -lepsy -oma

138 Which suffix means protrusion?
-itis -cele -lepsy -oma

139 What is the diagnostic procedure that reveals blood flow to the brain via x-ray photography?
cerebral angiography computed tomography magnetic resonance imaging echoencephalography

140 What is the diagnostic procedure that reveals blood flow to the brain via x-ray photography?
cerebral angiography computed tomography magnetic resonance imaging echoencephalography

141 What does the suffix -algia mean?
weakness condition of sensation condition of pain without speaking

142 What does the suffix -algia mean?
weakness condition of sensation condition of pain without speaking

143 What does the prefix para- mean?
beside, along without excessive many

144 What does the prefix para- mean?
beside, along without excessive many

145 What is the suffix for a condition without knowledge?
-pathy -lepsy -plegia -agnosia

146 What is the suffix for a condition without knowledge?
-pathy -lepsy -plegia -agnosia

147 What is the suffix for softening?
-lepsy -malacia -troph -plegia

148 What is the suffix for softening?
-lepsy -malacia -troph -plegia

149 What is the diagnostic procedure that records electrical impulses of the brain to measure brain activity? myelogram myelography electroencephalography echoencephalography

150 What is the diagnostic procedure that records electrical impulses of the brain to measure brain activity? myelogram myelography electroencephalography echoencephalography

151 What is the procedure of separating a nerve by removing unwanted adhesions?
neurolysis neuroplasty neurorrhaphy neurotomy

152 What is the procedure of separating a nerve by removing unwanted adhesions?
neurolysis neuroplasty neurorrhaphy neurotomy

153 Classroom Response System
Post-test

154 What term best describes the surgical repair of a nerve?
neurolysis neuroplasty neurorrhaphy neurotomy

155 What term best describes the surgical repair of a nerve?
neurolysis neuroplasty neurorrhaphy neurotomy

156 What is the technique used in treating behavioral issues?
psychotherapy reflex testing psychiatry psychology

157 What is the technique used in treating behavioral issues?
psychotherapy reflex testing psychiatry psychology

158 What is the suffix for madness?
-phobia -noia -lexia -mania

159 What is the suffix for madness?
-phobia -noia -lexia -mania

160 What is the term meaning paralysis on one side of the body?
paraplegia hemiplegia paresthesia quadriplegia

161 What is the term meaning paralysis on one side of the body?
paraplegia hemiplegia paresthesia quadriplegia

162 What is the term for an agent that is given to a patient to relieve pain?
analgesic anesthetic sedative neuroplasty

163 What is the term for an agent that is given to a patient to relieve pain?
analgesic anesthetic sedative neuroplasty

164 What is the best meaning of the term neurectomy?
surgical repair of a nervous tissue surgical removal of a nerve surgical incision into the cranium suture of a nerve

165 What is the best meaning of the term neurectomy?
surgical repair of a nervous tissue surgical removal of a nerve surgical incision into the cranium suture of a nerve

166 What is the abbreviation for Alzheimer’s disease?
AD AIDS ALS CVA

167 What is the abbreviation for Alzheimer’s disease?
AD AIDS ALS CVA


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