The Nervous System and Mental Health

The Nervous System and Mental Health
6 The Nervous System and Mental Health

Multimedia Directory Slide 41 Brain and Brainstem Animation
Slide 57 Alzheimer's Video Slide 69 Epilepsy Video Slide 81 Multiple Sclerosis Animation Slide 86 Parkinson's Disease Video Slide 92 Seizures Video Slide 93 Seizures Animation Slide 94 Febrile Seizures Animation Slide 98 Anorexia Video Slide 100 ADD Video Slide 102 Bipolar Video Slide 103 Bulimia Video

Multimedia Directory (cont.)
Slide 106 OCD Video Slide 110 Schizophrenia Video

Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the nervous system and mental health Identify the major organs of the nervous system and describe their structure and function

Learning Objectives (cont.)
After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the nervous system and mental health Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the nervous system and mental health

Learning Objectives (cont.)
After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the nervous system and mental health

The Nervous System Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
These organs enable you to sense the world around you form thoughts and memories control your body movements and many internal functions

Prefixes a- = without, absence of de- = not di- = double
dys- = bad, abnormal, painful, difficult

Prefixes (cont.) hemi- = one-half
hyper- = excessive, abnormally high, above mono- = one

Prefixes (cont.) pan- = all, entire
par-, para- = near, alongside, departure from normal poly- = many pre- = before sub- = below, beneath tetra- = four

Combining Forms alges/o = pain angi/o = blood vessel arachn/o = spider
arteri/o = artery

Combining Forms (cont.)
ather/o = fatty substance cephal/o = head cerebell/o = little brain, cerebellum cerebr/o = brain, cerebrum

cran/o, crani/o = cranium dur/o = hard embol/o = a plug encephal/o = brain

gangli/o, ganglion/o = knot, swelling gli/o = glue, neuroglia gnos/o = knowledge lumb/o = loin, lower back

lys/o = break apart, dissolution mening/i, mening/o = membrane ment/o = mind myel/o = spinal cord, medulla, myelin sheath; bone marrow

narc/o = numbness neur/o = sinew or cord, nerve; fascia phas/o, phasi/o = speech plegi/o = paralysis

poli/o = gray psych/o = mind quadr/i, quadr/o = four radic/o, radicul/o = nerve root

scler/o = thick, hard, sclera somat/o = body spin/o = spine, thorn thalam/o = inner chamber, thalamus thromb/o = clot vascul/o = small blood vessel

Suffixes -algia = pain -asthenia = weakness
-cele = hernia, swelling, protrusion -esthesia = sensation, perception -gram = a record

Suffixes (cont.) -iatry = treatment, specialty -ic = pertaining to
-ism = condition of -itis = inflammation -lepsy = seizure

Suffixes (cont.) -logist = one who studies
-lysis = to loosen, dissolve -malacia = softening -oid = resembling -paresis = paralysis (minor)

Suffixes (cont.) -phagia = eating or swallowing
-phasia = speaking (may also be used as a root, phas) -plegia = paralysis (major) -troph = nourishment, development -us = pertaining to

Anatomy and Physiology
The nervous system provides a system of communication between the brain and distant parts of the body Goal of nervous system is to interpret changes in the environment inside and outside the body initiate responses in order to maintain homeostasis send electrochemical messages called nerve impulses

Divisions of the Nervous System
The nervous system is divided into two main groups Central nervous system (CNS) Includes the brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Includes the nerves and sensory receptors

Figure 6.1 Organization of the nervous system

Nervous Tissue The nervous system contains specialized tissue that conducts nerve impulses The impulse-conducting cells are called neurons; they receive support from nearby neuroglial cells

Nervous Tissue (cont.) Each neuron consists of a cell body and numerous dendrites The cell body contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm Dendrites carry impulses toward the cell body, and a single axon carries impulses away

Nervous Tissue (cont.) In many neurons, the axon is covered with numerous neuroglial cells known as Schwann cells Schwann cells provide a white-colored protective sheath, known as the myelin sheath The myelin sheath protects and insulates the axon (some axons are 3 feet long)

Central Nervous System
Is the “central station” for incoming and outgoing nerve impulses Includes the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by bones (cranium and vertebral column) thick set of membranes called the meninges

Central Nervous System (cont.)
The meninges form a protective cover that is several layers thick Outer tough layer is the dura mater Middle layer is the arachnoid Inner thin layer is the pia mater

Figure 6.2 The meninges surround the brain and spinal cord

The Brain The brain Receives and interprets sensory information Controls muscle and glandular responses Provides memory, thoughts, dreams, and personality It receives a large blood supply to fuel its constant activity

The Brain (cont.) If blood flow is restricted for more than a few minutes, neurons begin to expire Brain weighs about 3 pounds Extending from the brain are 12 pairs of cranial nerves

The Brain’s Four Main Parts
Cerebrum Largest part of the brain The center of thought, personality, emotions, memory, and sensory perception Initiates muscle contractions Divided into right and left cerebral hemispheres

The Brain’s Four Main Parts (cont.)
Cerebellum Means little brain Coordinates muscle responses and manages equilibrium

Diencephalon Means double brain Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus Thalamus is a relay station, redirecting nerve impulses to and from the cerebrum Hypothalamus is the center for involuntary activities, such as heartbeat, thirst, blood pressure

Brain stem Includes the medulla, pons, and midbrain Medulla transmits nerve impulses between the spinal cord and brain, and regulates breathing Pons provides a connection between the medulla and cerebellum Midbrain is relay center for impulses and eye movements

Ventricles of the Brain
Ventricles: Small spaces within brain’s center Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Slightly yellowish fluid that fills each ventricle CSF is continuously produced from the blood supply CSF circulates through the ventricles and around the brain and spinal cord

Figure The Brain

Figure Brain Anatomy

Brain and Brainstem Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the brain and brain stem. The animation may take a moment to begin playing. Back to Directory

The Spinal Cord Extends from medulla about 18 inches down the back
It passes through the spinal canal to terminate between L1 and L2 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Figure 6.5 The spinal cord and its nerve roots

The Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of nerves that course throughout the body, carrying nerve impulses to and from the CNS Includes the ganglia and sensory receptors

Figure 6.6 The Peripheral Nervous System

The Nerves Nerves are branches from the cranial nerves and spinal nerves Each nerve is composed of a combination of nervous tissue blood vessels supportive connective tissue

Ganglia Are clusters of neuron cell bodies that lie outside the brain and spinal cord Appear as a swelling along the path of a spinal nerve route Are centers where nerve impulses are passed from one neuron to another across a synapse

Sensory Receptors Are nervous structures that respond to changes in the environment Once a change occurs, a sensory receptor initiates a nerve impulse The nerve impulse then travels along a sensory nerve to the spinal cord or brain

Word Roots arachn = spider cerebell = little brain
cerebr = brain, cerebrum

Word Roots (cont.) crani = skull, cranium encephal = brain
gangli, ganglion = knot, swelling mening = membrane

Word Roots (cont.) myel = spinal cord, medulla, myelin sheath
neur = sinew or cord, nerve spin = spine thalam = inner chamber

The Health of the Nervous System
Can experience many types of medical challenges Nervous tissue is delicate and easily damaged Protection is provided by bones, meninges, CSF, and a blood-brain barrier

Symptoms and Signs Aphasia Cephalalgia Dysphasia Inability to speak
A headache Dysphasia Difficulty speaking

Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to stimulation, such as touch or pain Neuralgia Pain in a nerve

Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Neurasthenia A vague condition of body fatigue often associated with depression Paresthesia Abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without an objective cause

Diseases and Disorders
Agnosia A loss of the ability to interpret sensory information Alzheimer’s disease Deterioration of brain function Characterized by confusion short-term memory loss restlessness

Alzheimer’s Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of Alzheimer’s disease. Back to Directory

Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Progressive atrophy (loss) of muscle caused by hardening of nervous tissue on the lateral columns of the spinal cord Also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease Cerebellitis Inflammation of the cerebellum

Cerebral aneurysm Blood vessel that supplies the brain becomes dilated due to weakening of its wall Cerebral arteriosclerosis Hardening of the arteries that supply the brain

Cerebral atherosclerosis Buildup of fatty plaque on the inside wall of a vessel that supplies the brain results in reduced blood flow Cerebral embolism Presence of a floating blood clot in a blood vessel that supplies the brain

Cerebral palsy Disorder that affects: muscle tone movement motor skills Usually caused by brain damage at birth or during first few years of life

Cerebral thrombosis A lodged blood clot within blood vessels that supply the brain Cerebrovascular accident Disruption of blood supply to the brain results in functional losses or death Also called stroke Abbreviated CVA

Figure 6.7 Cerebrovascular accident.

Figure 6.7 (continued) Cerebrovascular accident.

Cerebrovascular disease A general disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels that supply the brain Coma A general term that describes several levels of decreased consciousness

Concussion Injury to the brain caused by a violent movement of the head Includes symptoms of vertigo and loss of consciousness

Dementia Decline or impairment of mental function Characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion; literally means not in the mind Duritis Inflammation of the dura mater Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain, usually caused by bacterial or viral infection

Encephalomalacia Softening of brain tissue, usually caused by deficient blood flow Epilepsy A brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of epilepsy.
Epilepsy Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of epilepsy. Back to Directory

Gangliitis Inflammation of a ganglion Glioma A tumor of neuroglial cells Hemiparesis Partial paralysis on one side of the body Hemiplegia Paralysis on one side of the body

Figure Glioma

Figure 6.8 (continued) Glioma

Hydrocephalus Increased volume of CSF in the brain ventricles of a child before the cranial sutures have sealed, causing enlargement of the cranium Meningioma Benign tumor of the meninges

Meningitis Inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by bacterial or viral infection Meningocele Protrusion of the meninges through an opening caused by a defect in the skull or spinal column

Figure 6.9 Meningocele Photo Researchers, Inc.

Figure 6.9 (continued) Meningocele Photo Researchers, Inc.

Meningomyelocele Protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through the spinal column Monoparesis Partial paralysis of one limb

Monoplegia Paralysis of one limb Multiple sclerosis Deterioration of the myelin sheath covering axons within the brain, exhibited by episodes of localized functional losses

Figure 6.10 Multiple sclerosis Source: Peter Arnold, Inc.

Figure 6.10 (continued) Multiple sclerosis Source: Peter Arnold, Inc.

Multiple Sclerosis Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on multiple sclerosis. Back to Directory

Myelitis Inflammation of the spinal cord Narcolepsy A sleep disorder characterized by sudden, uncontrollable attacks of sleep attacks of paralysis dreams intruding on wakefulness Neuritis Inflammation of a nerve

Neuroarthropathy A disease of the nervous system that results in pain within one or more joints Neuroma A general term for any tumor that originates from nervous tissue

Palsy Paralysis of localized areas Most common is Bell’s palsy, in which facial muscles are paralyzed on one side of the head Paraplegia Paralysis from the waist down

Parkinson’s disease Chronic degenerative disease of the brain Characterized by hand tremors rigidity expressionless face shuffling gait Abbreviated PD

Parkinson’s Disease Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of Parkinson’s disease. Back to Directory

Poliomyelitis Inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord that often leads to paralysis Also called polio Polyneuritis Inflammation of many nerves at one time Psychopathy Any disease affecting the mind

Psychosis An incapacitating mental disorder Characterized by a gross distortion of emotions an incapacity to recognize reality, relate to others, and cope with ordinary demands of daily life Psychosomatic Pertaining to both the mind and body

Quadriplegia Paralysis of all four limbs Also known as tetraplegia Radiculitis Inflammation of the spinal nerve roots

Radiculopathy A disease of spinal nerve roots Sciatica Inflammation of the sciatic nerve, producing pain that extends from the low back, buttocks and down the back of the leg

Seizure: A sudden, uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain, resulting in convulsions Grand mal: all muscle groups Petit mal: brief losses of consciousness without motor involvement Partial: limited areas of the brain with local symptoms

Seizures video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of seizures. The video may take a moment to begin playing. Back to Directory

Click on the screenshot to view an animation on seizures.
Seizures animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on seizures. Back to Directory

Febrile seizures animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on febrile seizures. Back to Directory

Shingles Viral infection of the peripheral nerves that erupts as painful skin blisters along nerve tracts Also called herpes zoster

Syncope Fainting, usually caused by a sudden loss of blood flow to the brain Transient ischemic attack A brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain that results in a temporary neurologic impairment Often precedes a CVA Abbreviated TIA

Common Mental Health Diseases
Anorexia nervosa Eating disorder in which the person has an intense fear of gaining weight in spite of being underweight Anxiety disorder Emotional instability caused by anticipation of real or imagined events

Anorexia video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of anorexia nervosa. Back to Directory

Common Mental Health Diseases (cont.)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Learning disorder caused by failure to focus attention due to hyperactivity and impulsiveness Abbreviated ADHD Attention deficit disorder (ADD) is a similar condition but does not include hyperactivity

ADD video Click on the screenshot to view a video on attention deficit disorder. The video may take a moment to begin playing. Back to Directory

Bipolar disorder Mental disorder in which the patient experiences episodes of extreme changes in mood and energy, ranging from severe depression to mania Bulimia nervosa Behavioral eating disorder that involves uncontrolled eating, or binging, and self-induced vomiting, or purging

The video may take a moment to begin playing.
Biopolar video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of bipolar disorder. The video may take a moment to begin playing. Back to Directory

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of bulimia.
Bulimia video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of bulimia. Back to Directory

Clinical depression Mental disorder characterized by overwhelming feelings of sadness and despair, often accompanied by reduced energy and avoidance of social contacts

Obsessive-compulsive disorder Mental disorder that involves an uncontrollable need to perform certain motor-skill tasks, repetitive behaviors, or rituals, such as hand washing Abbreviated OCD

OCD video Click on the screenshot to view a video on obsessive compulsive disorder. Back to Directory

Phobia Emotional disorder characterized by an intense, irrational fear of an object, environment, or experience Example: arachnophobia (fear of spiders)

Post-traumatic stress disorder Emotional disorder characterized by extreme fear and anxiety that results from a traumatic experience, such as a bomb explosion or automobile accident Abbreviated PTSD

Schizophrenia A group of psychotic disorders that include the inability to distinguish reality from nonreality disturbance of language social withdrawal fragmentation of cognitive functions

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of schizophrenia. Back to Directory

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices
Analgesic An agent that relieves pain Anesthesia A process or treatment that results in an absence of feeling or sensation Cerebral angiography X-ray photograph of the blood vessels in the brain following injection of a contrast medium

Figure 6.11 Cerebral angiography

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Computed tomography Also called CT scan, a computer interprets a series of images and constructs a 3-D view of the brain Craniectomy Surgical excision of part of the skull to approach the brain

Craniotomy Incision into the skull to approach the brain Echoencephalography Use of ultrasound (sound waves) to record brain structures Electroencephalography A procedure that records the electrical impulses of the brain (or brain waves)

Figure 6.12 Electroencephalography

Evoked potential studies Also called EP studies, this group of diagnostic tests measures changes in brain waves to determine brain function, providing a test for sight, hearing, and other senses

Ganglionectomy Surgical excision of a ganglion Also called gangliectomy Lumbar puncture Aspiration of CSF from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord Abbreviated LP

Figure 6.13 Lumbar puncture

Magnetic resonance imaging Use of magnets and computer imaging to produce 3-D images that are useful in targeting brain tumors, brain trauma, and MS Abbreviated MRI

Figure 6.14 Magnetic resonance imaging Source: Raymond Meier, Inc.

Figure 6.15 MRI Source: Photo Researchers, Inc.

Myelogram X-ray photograph of the spinal cord following injection of a contrast dye Neurectomy Surgical excision of a nerve Neurology The study and medical practice of the nervous system Specialist: neurologist

Neurolysis Separating a nerve by removing adhesions Neuroplasty Surgical repair of a nerve Neurorrhaphy Suturing of a nerve Neurotomy Incision into a nerve

Positron emission tomography Brain scan that provides a map of metabolic function within the brain that can be correlated to brain activity; abbreviated PET scan Psychiatry The branch of medicine that addresses mental, emotional and behavioral disorders

Psychology The field of study of human behavior Radicotomy Incision into a nerve root Also called rhizotomy

Reflex testing Diagnostic tests performed to observe the body’s response to various stimuli Includes deep tendon reflexes (DTR) and Babinski reflex

Pharmaceuticals Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or analgesics Anesthetics Anticonvulsants Dopaminergics Hypnotics Narcotic analgesics, or opiate drugs Sedatives

Abbreviations AD ADD ADHD ALS CNS CP CSF CT (CAT) scan

Abbreviations (cont.) CVA CVD DTR EchoEG EEG EP

Abbreviations (cont.) HA ICP LP MRI MS OCD PD

Abbreviations (cont.) PET PNS PTSD TIA

Classroom Response System
Pretest

What condition is an inflammation of the meninges?
meningitis meningocele meningioma meningomyelocele

What condition is an inflammation of a nerve?
myelitis neuropathy neuroma neuritis

Which suffix means protrusion?
-itis -cele -lepsy -oma

What is the diagnostic procedure that reveals blood flow to the brain via x-ray photography?
cerebral angiography computed tomography magnetic resonance imaging echoencephalography

What does the suffix -algia mean?
weakness condition of sensation condition of pain without speaking

What does the prefix para- mean?
beside, along without excessive many

What is the suffix for a condition without knowledge?
-pathy -lepsy -plegia -agnosia

What is the suffix for softening?
-lepsy -malacia -troph -plegia

What is the diagnostic procedure that records electrical impulses of the brain to measure brain activity? myelogram myelography electroencephalography echoencephalography

What is the procedure of separating a nerve by removing unwanted adhesions?
neurolysis neuroplasty neurorrhaphy neurotomy

Classroom Response System
Post-test

What term best describes the surgical repair of a nerve?
neurolysis neuroplasty neurorrhaphy neurotomy

What is the technique used in treating behavioral issues?
psychotherapy reflex testing psychiatry psychology

What is the suffix for madness?
-phobia -noia -lexia -mania

What is the term meaning paralysis on one side of the body?
paraplegia hemiplegia paresthesia quadriplegia

What is the term for an agent that is given to a patient to relieve pain?
analgesic anesthetic sedative neuroplasty

What is the best meaning of the term neurectomy?
surgical repair of a nervous tissue surgical removal of a nerve surgical incision into the cranium suture of a nerve

What is the abbreviation for Alzheimer’s disease?
AD AIDS ALS CVA

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