1. The Cell

2. Standard/Obj
Know how prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, and viruses differ in complexity and general structure.
Know the role of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi apparatus in the secretion of proteins.
Know cells are enclosed w/in semipermeable membranes that regulate their interaction w/ their surroundings.

3. Cell Intro
*celltissueorgansystem
Cell-smallest unit that can carry on all the processes of life.
Unicellular or Multicellular
Organelle:--cell component that performs specific functions in cell
Eukaryote:-cell membrane, nucleus, membrane bound organelles
Prokaryote-cell membrane, few non-membrane bound organelles, genetic material no nucleus
-ex. bacteria (DNA and ribosomes)

4. Robert Hooke-1665
Observed a slice of cork, holes, “little boxes”
Observed stems of trees, carrots, and again noticed little boxes
Named the “cell”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek-1675
Observed living cells
Made microscopes

5. More Research:
Mathias Schleiden-1838, all plants made of cells
Theodor Schwann-1839, all animals made of cells
Rudolph Virchow-1855, cells come only from other cells

6. Cell Theory All living things are composed of one or more cell
Cells are organisms’ basic units of structure & function
Cells come only from existing cells

7. Cell (Plasma) Membrane
Shape and flexibility to cell
Maintains homeostasis
Semi-permeable membrane or selective permeability
Phospholipid bilayer-2 layers, made up of lipids-fatty acid chains-(water insoluble) and phosphate groups (water soluble)
Cell is exposed to water inside and outside

8. Fluid Mosaic Model: flexible, proteins make pattern
Phosphate Heads
Lipid Tails
Integral Proteins (A) extend across the entire membrane and are exposed to the inside and outside
-Transport Proteins: some form channels or pores through which certain substances can pass

9. Exposed proteins often have carbohydrates (E) attached to them
Exposed proteins often have carbohydrates (E) attached to them hold other cells or act as sites where viruses or chemical messengers can attach
Peripheral proteins (C) are located on the interior and exterior surface

10. Cholesterol
Helps to stabilize phospholipids
Prevents fatty acid chains from sticking together

11. Cell Wall Made of cellulose Plant cells, fungi, most bacteria
Rigid structure on the outside of cell membrane
Provides support and protection

12. Cytoskeleton Maintains shape & support Helps organelles move w/in cell
Located under cell membrane
Not membrane bound
Microtubules: thin, hollow protein tubes; cell division
Microfilaments: fine, threads called actin; muscle contraction

13. Movement Cilia Short, hairlike extensions on the surface of some cells
Helps in movement of the cell
Ex. human respiratory tract: helps move mucus that traps dust and bacteria
Flagella
Whiplike, longer than cilia, single or in pairs
Moves by whipping back and forth
Ex. sperm cell
*Both cilia and flagella made of microtubules

14. Cytoplasm Clear, jellylike material that fills the cell
Contains cytosol & organelles in the cell
Cytosol-made up of water, salts, organic molecules, & enzymes
Maintain shape, provide suspension to organelles
Store chemicals

15. Cell Organelles Nucleus
Nuclear envelope (2) w/ pores, phospholipid bilayer
Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) made here
Chromatin made up of DNA (stores genetic info)
Directs cell activities, includes making proteins

16. Nucleolus
Located in nucleus
Makes ribosomes (made of proteins and RNA)

17. Ribosome
Not membrane bound
Where proteins are assembled
Receives directions from nucleus (DNA)

18. ER-Endoplasmic Reticulum (highway)
Membrane system of folded sacs and connected vesicles
Rough ER covered with ribosomesproteins are exported or inserted inside the cell membrane proteins leave in vesicles to the golgi

19. -synthesis of steroids, lipids -calcium storage
4. Smooth ER
-few or no ribosomes
-synthesis of steroids, lipids
-calcium storage
-breakdown of toxic substances by liver cells

20. Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Bodies)
Sorts proteins, packages and secretes (sends it outside cell)
Flattened stacks of membranes filled with fluid and dissolved substances
Analogy: factory assembly line, post office
proteinrough ERGolgioutside
(ribosome) (vesicle) (vesicle)

21. Mitochondrion (-a) *mighty mouse, battery
1. 2 membranes smooth outer membrane serves as boundary
-inner membrane has many folds (cristae) that increase the internal surface area and energy-storing molecules made here
-matrix: internal fluid

22. 2. Have own DNA
3. Site of chemical rxns that transfer energy from organic compounds to ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
4. Numerous in cells that have high energy needs ex. liver, muscle

23. Lysosome *trash can
contains digestive enzymes that digest food particles, bacteria, & worn out/broken parts of cells
small, spherical
primarily in animal and fungal cells
rare in plant cells

24. Plant Cells Cell Wall Vacuoles -temporary storage
-small in animal cells
-stores food, enzymes and waste products
-takes up as much as 90% of volume of cell
3. Plastids
-store starches, lipids, or pigments (absorb visible light)
-has 2 membranes and DNA

25. -has green pigmentchlorophyll -chromoplasts: make and store pigments
3. cont’d
-chloroplasts
-each encloses a system of flattened, membranous sacs called thylakoids (capture light energy) convert into chemical energy to make food
-has green pigmentchlorophyll
-chromoplasts: make and store pigments
-leukoplasts: store food such as starches &
proteins ex. potato