1. States had different money systems
States ignored needs of other states
States competed in trade
Which document led to the conditions listed above?
A Articles of Confederation
B Magna Carta
C Declaration of Independence
D Mayflower Compact

2. Religious reformers of the Second Great Awakening

3. Shaker History Leader and Founder – Ann Lee “Mother Ann”
Left England in 1774 seeking religious freedom
They were called Shakers because they would tremble, whirl and shake during their worship.
They practiced celibacy (didn’t marry or have children), believed in communal life, confession of sin, believed in racial and gender equality, lead a simple life and opposed war

4. Shakers continued Had between 4000 and 5000 members at it’s peak.
Probably the most successful of the many communal and utopian (a perfect society) societies in this country.
Declined in population due to celibacy.
Made major contributions to art, science, architecture, craftsmanship, business, music, education, government, medicine, agriculture and commerce.

5. Shakers continued

6. Seventh Day Adventist
Founded by William Miller who was a Baptist preacher and forecasted the Second Coming of Christ in Changed the date to 1844, didn’t happen again.
Official founder was Ellen and James White and Joseph Bates in 1863
Now number around 16 million followers around the world.

7. Seventh Day Adventist Continued
Believe the Sabbath should be observed on Saturday since that was the 7th day of the week and when God rested.
Believe that you enter a state of “soul sleep” after death and will be awakened for judgment at the second coming of Christ.
Especially concerned with health issues and education.
Many members are vegetarians and do not use alcohol, tobacco or illegal drugs.

8. Seventh Day Adventist Continued
Michigan Connection –
Andrews University in Berrien Springs, Michigan is the best-known Adventist educational institution in the world.

9. Brook Farm
Founded by George Ripley a transcendentalist who rejected the teachings of the Calvinist Church and the Unitarian Church.
The transcendentalists sought harmony, the merging of values, ideas, and spiritual matters with physical events, the union of mind and body, spirit and flesh. Physical labor is perceived as a condition of mental well-being and health.
Wanted to live in an Utopian society (a perfect place)

10. Brook Farm, continued
They wanted to be self reliant or dependent only upon themselves.
Started the American Literary movement which flourished between
Great American authors Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau and Nathaniel Hawthorne were all associated with them.
Experiment was short lived, central building destroyed in fire in 1846 and they disbanded.

11. Rappites:The Harmony Society
Founder was Johann Rapp
Immigrated from Wurttemberg Germany, seeking religious freedom.
Established a colony in Butler County, PA
Bible was humanity’s sole authority.
Celibate/communal living, equality between the sexes
Baptism was not necessary until the child could decide for themselves.
Refused to serve in the military
Chose to teach children at home.

12. Rappites continued
Known for manufacturing (textiles and woolens) and agriculture (produced wines and whiskey)
700 members by 1814
Moved to a location on the Wabash river in Indiana(New Harmony) after selling Harmony for $100,000.
Sold New Harmony and returned to PA building Economy in Ambridge on the Ohio River.
Reached their peak in 1866 but because they were celibate and had some major problems within, disssolved in 1905

13. Mormonism Founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith
Claimed to have a number of visions and visits from an angel
Seen as a prophet by the Church of Latter-Day Saints (LDS)—the Mormon church
Believe that a group of Israelites (people the Bible focuses on) had lived in America
Also believe that Jesus appeared in America
Have a different view of Heaven and Hell than most other Christian groups
“Hell” is like a prison between death and resurrection
Heaven has different levels

14. Mormonism continued Used to believe in polygamy
Practice of a man having multiple wives
The vast majority of modern Mormons do not hold this belief
Due to the belief in polygamy, the LDS was forced out of many different areas
Includes New York, Missouri, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois
Eventually settled in Utah
Modern Mormons are largely located in the American West
Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Wyoming, California, Colorado

15. Mormonism continued
Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah. Largest LDS temple today
The Book of Mormon, Mormonism’s chief text
Brigham Young, the LDS leader after Smith’s death
Joseph Smith, founder of Mormonism

16. Oneida Perfectionism Founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848
Located in Oneida, New York
Noyes claimed to have a series of visions after attending religious college (seminary)
Believed that Heaven could exist on earth
Noyes taught that God wouldn’t expect the impossible, so humans could “create” Heaven
Noyes argued that Heaven would have no monetary system
Oneida became a communist community
Each person had a specific job done for the good of the community, and all jobs and people supported one another

17. Perfectionism, continued
Noyes also taught that Heaven would have no marriage
Created “Complex Marriage” for the colony
Every man was considered married to every woman
Only men over a certain age…but all women
Children were cared for by the whole community
Colony made silverware and other fine metals to buy supplies they couldn’t make themselves
Still exists today as Oneida Limited
Without the religious beliefs

18. Perfectionism, continued
1907 photo of the old Oneida community
John Humphrey Noyes
Flatware serving set made by the Oneida Limited company

19. Amana Colonies Founded in Europe by Eberhard Gruber and Johann Rock
Called themselves Inspirationalists
Believed common people could be “inspired” to speak the word of God
Did not send children to religious schools
Homeschooled instead
Persecuted by German Lutherans because of this
Believed in pacifism—refused to fight in wars
Moved to the US in 1842
Eventually settled in Iowa

20. Amana Colonies, continued
Each of the multiple colony towns was carefully planned out
Marriages were regulated by the colony councils
Men required to be 24, couples had to be approved and wait a year to be married
Meals were eaten together as a community
Groups of up to 35 all ate at one time
To support the colonies, the people worked to create goods to sell
Only bought what they could not produce themselves and was deemed necessary
Wool, grease/oil, pipes, etc.
Colonies lasted this way until 1932
Great Depression required changes

21. Amana Colonies, continued
Modern sign marking the Amana area
Air conditioning unit created by the Amana Corporation. The corporation was made by the colonies during the Great Depression