1. OVERALL: Great Job on Video Exam
Median: 74% (half of the class scored 71% or higher)
Mean: 74% (class average)
72% of class scored 70% or higher
31% of class scored 80% or higher
50% of class improved over October Mid-Term grade
Those that did not do as well as expected let’s get together to see what happened and move onward & upward

2. Upper Extremities Parts
Shoulder Girdle
Shoulder Joint
Elbow Joint
Radioulnar Joint
Wrist Joint

3. Types of Synovial Joints
from “Basic Biomechanics” by Susan Hall page 121

4. Muscle Contribution to Joint
Stronger Muscles = More Joint Stability
Angles of Pull influence Joint Stability
Stabilizing Angles = < 90 angle of pull
Dislocating Angles = > 90 angle of pull

5. Shoulder Girdle Involved in Reaching/Grasping Motions
Designed for Mobility
Unstable joint
Strength of Muscles VERY important

6. Shoulder Joint Involved in a wide variety of motions
Designed for Mobility, Unstable joint
Rotator Cuff & Deltoids = small angle pull
Wheel-Axle Mechanism

7. Overarm Throw Pattern “cocking action” = extreme lateral rotation
rapid medial rotation and protraction
Strengthen Medial Rotators BOTH Concentrically and Eccentrically

8. Elbow Joint Only Flexion and Extension
Stable joint due to bony structure
Muscle arrangement = stabilizing effect

9. How to Strengthen Elbow Extensors
Elbow Extensions with shoulder flexed figure 2.5e on page 61
Shoulder Hyperextensions with elbow extended figure 2.5d on page 61

10. 3 Ways to Strengthen Elbow Flexors
Elbow flexion from anatomical position
Elbow flexion with shoulder Hyperextended
shoulder flexion figure 2.5j on pg 

11. Radioulnar Joint Unstable due to weak bony arrangement
Pronate = turn inward [medial] away from anatomical position
Supinate = turn outward [lateral] back toward anatomical position
figure left side of picture pronated page right side of picture supinated

12. Wrist Joint MSDs - musculoskeletal disorders
1. angle of the work surface
2. position requirements of the work
3. magnitude & direction of applied forces
4. Degree of repetition
CTS - Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
see Force guidelines per task on page 189

13. Hip Joint Medial rotation involved in kick, throw & strike
Wheel-Axle - figure 6.5 and 6.6 [page 197]
A: medial B: lateral hip rotation

14. Hip Joint Bending/Stooping = increase FA resistive
to achieve equilibrium, hip extensors must provide high Tension/Force [hams, back]
FIG 9-30
“Basic Biomechanics” 3rd Edition
by Susan J. Hall

15. Knee Joint Biarticulate Muscles - work knee and hip
Muscular Imbalances:
1. Hams - lateral vs. medial lateralis
2. Quads - vastus lateralis and medialis
Positions for potential injury
1. Foot fixed while hip/trunk rotates
2. Squats [FIG 6.11 pg 204]
3. Whip kick in Breaststroke [FIG pg 205]

16. Knee Joint: Potential Injury Positions
page 205

17. Knee Joint: Potential Injury Positions
turning the body while foot is fixed
FIG 6.8 page 200

18. Knee Joint: Potential Injury Positions
Deep Squat changing axis of rotation from knee joint to calf/thigh area
FIG 6.11 page 204

19. Knee Joint: Potential Injury Positions rehabilitation of knee injuries
page 260: studies on ACL stress, shear forces, petellofemoral contact