2. Psychological Perspectives/paradigms/schools of thought

3. Psychoanalytical Perspective

5. Psychoanalytical
Sigmund Freud
Father of Psychoanalysis

6. ‘Psychoanalysis’(Freud’s baby) vs. modern-day ‘Psychotherapy’
Psychoanalysis (old)
Internal conflicts Interpretations Hypnosis, Free association
(Video contains examples of ink blots as used by Freud. What do you see?)
Vs.
Psychotherapy (modern)
Face to face
Still probing into childhood experiences
Session schedule

7. Psychoanalytical Important concepts: The unconscious mind
Importance of dreams
Childhood experiences
Trauma
Placed importance on sexual and aggressive impulses (Controversial-Why many of his students broke away.)

8. What we know now…. High stress enhances, not represses memories.

9. Psychoanalytical The Freudian Slip
A Freudian slip-"slip of the tongue" in which a mistake in speech reveals something of the nature of the speaker's unconscious or semi-conscious desires.

10. Psychoanalytical The Freudian Slip
An example might be a person saying to an effeminate man, "Wow! your house is so queen! I m-m-m-ean clean!".

11. Psychoanalytical Examples of Stages of Development
Oral Stage: Unsuccessful completion/issues at this stage lead to oral fixations. Issues with drinking, eating, nail biting, smoking, etc. Overly reliant on others.
Anal Stage: Bladder and bowl control. If potty training is too strict child will develop an anal-retentive personality. (Too orderly, obsessive, rigid.) If training is too lenient, child will develop an anal-expulsive personality. (Messy, wasteful, destructive.)

12. Define ‘psychotherapy’ in 5 words or less.

13. Define ‘psychotherapy’ in 5 words or less. “Talk therapy”

14. Psychoanalytical-Group discussion
Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would Freud have explained his behaviors? How would he have attempted to fix the behaviors?

15. Behavioral Psychology John B. Watson Ivan Pavlov

16. Behavioral Psychology is a science. It is measurable and objective
Behavioral Psychology is a science. It is measurable and objective. Looked at behaviors, not thoughts or feelings, because they are observable/measureable and are determined by the environment.

17. Behavioral “Behaviors are learned
Behavioral “Behaviors are learned!” (Through conditioning) Watson’s Little Albert Experiment.

18. Behavioral “Behaviors are learned!”
How we learn “observable” responses.
Learning by association
Learning by watching
Punishment/reward systems
Stimulus/Response

19. Behavioral How we learn “observable” responses.
Punishment/reward systems

20. Behavioral Ivan Pavlov=Classical conditioning

21. Behavioral Ivan Pavlov=Classical conditioning UCS UCR NS CS CR Bell, Meat, drool Bell, Meat, drool….. Bell, drool

22. Behavioral Ivan Pavlov=Classical conditioning UCS-Meat UCR-Drool NS-Bell CS-Bell CR-Drool

23. Classical Conditioning with
Classical Conditioning with
Jim & Dwight

24. Little puppy Acorn was nipping at peoples’ pant legs
Little puppy Acorn was nipping at peoples’ pant legs. In order to solve the problem we paired a bottle of water and vinegar with an “ickkkkkkkk” noise. Explain how we might have stopped Acorn from nipping using the principles of classical conditioning. Be sure to identify the following: UCS UCR NS CS CR

25. Little puppy Acorn was nipping at peoples’ pant legs
Little puppy Acorn was nipping at peoples’ pant legs. In order to solve the problem we paired a bottle of water and vinegar with an “ickkkkkkkk” noise. Explain how we might have stopped Acorn from nipping using the principles of classical conditioning. Be sure to identify the following: UCS-Vinegar UCR-backing away NS-the ‘ickkk’ sound CS-the ‘ickkk’ sound CR-backing away

26. Behavioral B.F. Skinner-Extensive work on operant conditioning (Rewards and Punishments) Belief: Any behavior that is reinforced, meaning it is followed by a rewarding consequence, is more likely to be preformed again.

27. Operant conditioning is learning to modify one’s behavior due to an association of the behavior with a stimulus. (Ex. Being nice with chocolate.) It is different from classical conditioning in that it deals with VOLUNTARY behavior.

28. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba-WHk Operant Conditioning

29. Behavioral-class discussion
Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would a behavioral psychologist explain his behaviors? How would he or she attempt to fix the behaviors?

30. Biological

31. Biological or Physiological Psychology
Chemicals/hormones/ neurotransmitters/genetics
Nervous system
Related to neuroscience

32. Biological or Physiological Psychology
Ex: Viewing depression or anxiety as a chemical imbalance and not the result of something in the environment.

33. Biological-Class discussion
Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would the biological approach explain his behaviors? How would a psychologist that employs this approach attempt to fix the behaviors?
Chemical imbalances/drugs

34. Sociocultural
We MUST think about the cultural context in which the behavior takes place. Is it “normal” within that culture?
Our culture teaches us behavior, which may also vary according to our society. Our socialization within a specific culture and society, molds our behavior and teaches us right from wrong.

35. Sociocultural
Sociocultural example on a smaller scale: Multi-generational cycles. -All members of the family attend Notre Dame, or members of the family do not attend college.

36. Sociocultural-class discussion
Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would the sociocultural approach explain his behaviors? How would they attempt to fix the behaviors?
What is normal at home? Within his own group of friends? Narrow perspective.

37. Evolutionary Psychology
What are the evolutionary or historical values of mate selection , fear of certain animals or jealousy?
Hunting and gathering societies
Reproductive Success-We are programmed to be successful at passing on genes.
This survival of the fittest, 'natural selection', or the preservation of favored genes/ strongest races in the struggle for life.

38. Evolutionary Psychology
This survival of the fittest, 'natural selection', or the preservation of favored genes/ strongest races in the struggle for life.
Why does Carrie want to date the captain of the football team? Why is Jimmy looking for a super-model?

39. Evolutionary Psychology-class discussion
Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would evolutionary psychology explain his behaviors?
Primitive urge to mate/dominate/provide for a female

40. Humanistic Therapies-Client centered therapy
Humanistic Therapies-Client centered therapy. Present and future (not past) Take responsibility (no uncovering of hidden motives) Promotes growth instead of curing and ‘illness.’

41. Humanistic Perspective
Psychologists: Rogers and Maslow
POSITIVE!
Rogers: Developed client-centered therapy.
Popularized group therapy
Maslow-Hierarchy of needs. As humans we must take care of the most basic needs before we can proceed to the next level in functioning or self fulfillment “I can’t think until I’ve had my coffee.” Or a young child that can’t complete his spelling test because he has a tooth ache.

42. Humanistic Perspective
Maslow-Hierarchy of needs
*Be the best you can be!

43. Example from Smartboard file

44. Humanistic Psychology-class discussion
Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would the Humanists explain and/or attempt to fix his behaviors?
Have basic needs been met? Safety Needs?

45. Cognitive Psychology Gestalt http://cdn. twentytwowords
Related to Gestalt psychology=People perceive whole patterns, rather than collections of separate sensations.
The belief that the mind interprets experiences in predictable ways, rather than simply reacting the experiences.

46. Famous Gestalt saying: “The whole is greater than the sum of the parts”
A psychological theory that people tend to perceive larger patterns rather than small details
Our brains are always looking for patterns, but designers must help this perception through composition; design is about relationships, creating patterns that will be recognized by your audience
The principles of gestalt perception help to produce visual unity

47. Cognitive Psychology
It is all about interpretation!!!! (Maladaptive thoughts-I can’t change your situation, but I can work with you on how you view or interpret the situation.)

48. Cognitive Psychology Example
A cognitive psychologist devised the following experiment:
The psychologist asked her subjects to read the sentence, The old woman was sweeping the steps.
Later she asked the participants to recall if the sentence contained the word “broom.” The majority said it did. Why? Prior knowledge and associations we have formed play a part in our perception and coding of new information.

49. We use gestalt principles to read
“Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at Cmabridge Uinvervtisy, it deosn’t mttaer in waht oredr the litteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a ttoal mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is besauae ocne we laren how to raed we bgien to aargnre the lteerts in our mnid to see waht we epxcet to see. The huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but preecsievs the wrod as a wlohe. We do tihs ucnsoniuscoly wuithot tuhoght.”
We see the first and last letters and the length of the word, we use the principles of proximity and continuity to “read”

50. Memory Construction & Cognitive Psychology
Last night I went to T.N. Thai Bistro, a sushi + Thai restaurant close to my house. We were seated at a table with handmade china and yummy prawn crackers. I studied the menu and ordered the Michigan Roll and a bowl of Tom Ka soup. I also ordered green tea. The sushi was perfect, but the soup was cold.

51. Did the server give me a menu?
Memory Construction
What soup did I order?
What was on the table?
Did the server give me a menu?
Do I like raw fish?

52. Cognitive Psychology
We reconstruct our memories. We interpret things differently. We ‘fill in the blanks’ with what we believe to be true.
It can be affected by interference, retrieval cues, mood, how imaginative we are, etc.

53. Elizabeth Loftus-The Bunny Effect

54. Cognitive Psychology
Scenario: Little Sammy is acting out in school. He is fighting with his classmates, outwardly disobeying his teachers, and spends most of the day biting his nails and daydreaming. How would the cognitive psychologists explain and attempt to fix his behaviors?
His “perception of the situation may not be accurate.” He may not have the developed the problem solving skills or reasoning skills needed to address the issue.

55. What is an eclectic approach to psychotherapy
What is an eclectic approach to psychotherapy? Why is it the most common approach?

56. It is not always neat and tidy.