1. People in Organisations
Motivation theories
7/30/2018
HE Business

2. Session objectives
To understand & explain different theories of how people are motivated
7/30/2018
HE Business

3. Motivation
The force or process which causes individuals to act in a specific way. Motivation is hidden, it is personal, it comes from within the individual. It cannot be created by another.

4. 7/30/2018
HE Business

5. Motivation theories Content theories
Needs to fulfil – Maslow and Herzberg
Process theories
Outcomes become desirable/pursued by individuals – Vroom
Newer approaches
Motivation determined by personality - Maccoby and Costa & McCrae
7/30/2018
HE Business

6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self actualisation
Esteem needs
Love/social needs
Safety needs
Physiological needs
7/30/2018
HE Business

7. Exercise 1 Which of Maslow’s categories do the following fit in to?:
Praise from your manager
A family party
An artist forgetting to eat
A man washed up on a desert island
A pay increase
Joining the local drama group
Being awarded the OBE
Buying a house
7/30/2018
HE Business

8. Herzberg’s Two-factor theory (1968)
Saw 2 basic needs of individuals:
The need to avoid unpleasantness – satisfied by environmental factors
The need for personal growth – satisfied by motivator factors
7/30/2018
HE Business

9. Environmental factors
conditions
pay
status
security
company policies
7/30/2018
HE Business

10. Motivation factors achievement recognition growth/advancement
interest in the job
7/30/2018
HE Business

11. Vroom’s Expectancy theory (1964)
Strength of individual’s motivation to do something will depend on extent to which he expects results of his efforts, if successfully achieved, to contribute towards his personal needs/goals
7/30/2018
HE Business

12. Vroom
Strength of an individual’s motivation is the product of two factors:
Strength of preference for a certain outcome – the valence
Expectation that the outcome will result from certain behaviour – the subjective probability
7/30/2018
HE Business

13. Vroom Shown as an equation: F=VxE
Force or strength of motivation to do X
Valence (strength of preference for outcome Y)
Expectation
(that doing X will result in Y) = X
7/30/2018
HE Business

14. Maccoby Social Character Type theory (1998)
Argued today’s employees have different needs than employees of the 50’s and 60’s
Different education (more self directed) and different social relationships (less willing to do as told)
To motivate staff, employers now have to play to their key values and bring in empowerment, autonomy, discretion and decision-making responsibility
7/30/2018
HE Business

15. Maccoby Identified five value types: The Expert The Helper
The Defender
The Innovator
The Self-develop
Details can be found in this handout
7/30/2018
HE Business

16. Costa and McCrae’s Five-Factor theory (2003)
They looked at personality and determined an individual’s personality is a combination of five traits (OCEAN – refresh Individual Behaviour handout from outcome 2)
By analysing an individual’s standing in each of these five traits, you can get a picture of, amongst other things, their motivational style
7/30/2018
HE Business

17. Costa and McCrae
Openness - Motivated in seeking out the unfamiliar and to look for complexity
Conscientiousness – Motivated in achievement and responsibility through conformity
Extraversion – Motivated by change, variety, challenge. Easily bored
Agreeableness – Motivated by intimacy and team solidarity which provide emotional rewards
Neuroticism – Motivated by negative affects such as being tense, nervous
7/30/2018
HE Business

18. Further research
Read chapter..... And complete case study for next week
7/30/2018
HE Business